Preventing Deadly Conflict

Final Report
With Executive Summary

Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict

Carnegie Corporation of New York

1997

Bibliographical data

Table of Content

Preface

Executive Summary

Prologue: Conflict Prevention in the Twenty-First Century

• The Legacy of Rwanda
• Is Prevention Possible?
• Toward a New Commitment to Prevention

1. Against Complacency

   • From Cold War to Deadly Peace
   • A World Transforming
     • Rapid Population Growth
     • The Expansion of Technology
   • Modern Weaponry: Lethal and Available
     • Conventional Weapons
     • Chemical and Biological Weapons
     • The Continuing Nuclear Threat
   • The Cost of Deadly Conflict
   • A Historic Opportunity: Toward Prevention
   
   

2. When Prevention Fails : How and Why Deadly Conflict Occurs

   • Understanding Violent Conflict
     • Conflict between States
     • Conflict within States
   • Leaders and Groups
   • Avoiding the Worst Case
     • South Africa
     • The Soviet Union
   • What Can Be Done? What Are the Tasks? What Works?
   
   

3. Operational Prevention : Strategies in the Face of Crisis

   • Looking at the Whole Problem
   • A Framework for Engagement
     • The Need for Leadership
     • A Comprehensive Political-Military Response
     • Resources
     • Transition to Host Nation Control
   • Early Warning and Early Response
     • What Kind of Warning Is Most Useful?
     • Who Can Best Provide Useful Early Warning?
     • Who Should Be Warned?
   • Preventive Diplomacy
   • Economic Measures
     • Sanctions
     • Inducements
     • Conditionality
     • Economic Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
   • Forceful Measures
     • Basic Principles
     • Peacekeeping and Maintaining Civil Order
     • "Thin Blue Line" Preventive Deployments
     • "Fire Brigade" Deployments
   
   

4. Structural Prevention : Strategies To Address the Root Causes of Deadly Conflict

   • Security
     • Nuclear Weapons
     • Regional Contingencies
     • Biological and Chemical Weapons
     • Conventional Weapons
     • Cooperating for Peace
     • Security within States
   • Well-Being
     • Helping from Within: Development Revisited
     • Making Development Sustainable
     • Helping from Outside: Development Assistance
   • Justice
     • Justice in the International Community
       • Human Rights
       • Humanitarian Law
       • Nonviolent Dispute Resolution
     • Justice within States
       • Transition to Democracy
       • Social Justice
   
   

5. Preventing Deadly Conflict : The Responsibility of States, Leaders, and Civil Society

   • States and Their Leaders
   • Pivotal Institutions of Civil Society
     • Nongovernmental Organizations
     • Religious Leaders and Institutions
     • The Scientific Community
     • Educational Institutions
     • The Media
     • The Business Community
     • The People
   
   

6. Preventing Deadly Conflict : The Responsibility of the United Nations and Regional Arrangements

   • The United Nations
   • Strengths of the UN
   • Limitations of the UN
   • Strengthening the UN for Prevention
   • Reform of the Security Council
   • The UN's Role in Long-Term Prevention
   • The International Financial Institutions
   • Regional Arrangements
   • Security Organizations
   • Economic Organizations
   • Dialogue and Cooperation Groups
   
   

7. Toward A Culture Of Prevention

   • The Challenge To Educate
   • The Mass Media
   • Religious Institutions
   • The United Nations
   • The Challenge To Lead
   • Lessons of World War II
   • The Vision of Nelson Mandela
   • Toward Wiser Decision Making
   • The Challenge To Communicate
   • The Promise of Prevention
   
   

   Appendices

   • Appendix 1: Acronyms
   • Appendix 2: Regional Arrangements
   • Appendix 3: Countries Contributing Personnel To UN Peacekeeping Operations
   • Appendix 4: Commission Publications
   • Appendix 5: About The Commissioners
   • Appendix 6: Members Of The Advisory Council

   Acknowledgments

   Commission Staff

   Selected Bibliography