Columbia International Affairs Online: Policy Briefs

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

URL: http://www.carnegieendowment.org/

The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was established in 1910 in Washington, D.C., with a gift from Andrew Carnegie. As a tax-exempt operating (not grant-making) foundation, the Endowment conducts programs of research, discussion, publication, and education in international affairs and U.S. foreign policy.

Carnegie’s senior associates—whose backgrounds include government, journalism, law, academia, and public affairs—bring to their work substantial first-hand experience in foreign policy. Through writing, public and media appearances, study groups, and conferences, Carnegie associates seek to invigorate and extend both expert and public discussion on a wide range of international issues. These include worldwide migration, nuclear nonproliferation, regional conflicts, multilateralism, democracy building, and the use of force. The Endowment also engages in and encourages projects designed to foster innovative contributions in international affairs.

Additional Materials from Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Videos | Books | Working Papers | Journals: Foreign Policy


Policy Briefs

General Policy Briefs

Title: Uzbekistan: What Changes Can Be Expected?
Authors: Alexey Malashenko
Date: December 2012

Title: Beyond Treaties: Immediate Steps to Reduce Nuclear Dangers
Authors: James M. Acton
Date: October 2012

Title: A Regional Approach to WMD Nonproliferation in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Togzhan Kassenova
Date: August 2012

Title: A Climate Vision for Russia: From Rhetoric to Action
Authors: Adnan Vatansever, Anna Korppoo
Date: August 2012

Title: Russia on the Move
Authors: Dmitri Trenin, Maria Lipman, Alexey Malashenko, Nikolay Petrov
Date: June 2012

Title: The Emerging Order in the Middle East
Authors: Sinan Ülgen, Nathan J. Brown, Marina Ottaway, Paul Salem
Date: May 2012

Title: Creating New Facts on the Ground
Authors: Ashley J. Tellis
Date: May 2011

Title: Global Rebalancing: The Dangerous Obsession
Authors: Uri Dadush
Date: February 2011

Title: Five Surprises of the Great Recession
Authors: Uri Dadush, Vera Eidelman
Date: November 2010

Title: Armenia and Turkey: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Thomas de Waal
Date: October 2010

Title: Pakistan's Roller-Coaster Economy: Tax Evasion Stifles Growth
Authors: S. Akbar Zaidi
Date: September 2010

Title: Armenia and Turkey: Bridging the Gap
Authors: Thomas de Waal
Date: April 2010

Title: (Re)Engaging Russia in an Era of Uncertainty
Authors: Dmitri Trenin, Sam Greene
Date: January 2010

Title: Migrants and the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Uri Dadush, Lauren Falcao
Date: December 2009

Title: Sharing the Pain: The Global Struggle Over Savings
Authors: Michael Pettis
Date: November 2009

Title: Middle East Democracy Promotion Is Not a One-way Street
Authors: Marina Ottaway
Date: November 2009

Title: Manmohan Singh Visits Washington: Sustaining U.S.–Indian Cooperation Amid Differences
Authors: Ashley J. Tellis
Date: November 2009

Title: The United States and India 3.0: Cave! Hic Dragones
Authors: Ashley J. Tellis
Date: October 2009

Title: WTO Reform: The Time to Start Is Now
Authors: Uri Dadush
Date: September 2009

Title: The G20 Meetings: No Common Framework, No Consensus
Authors: Michael Pettis
Date: May 2009

Title: Islam and the Paths of Pakistan's Political Development
Authors: Peter Topychkanov
Date: April 2009

Title: Palestine and Israel: Time for Plan B
Authors: Nathan Brown
Date: February 2009

Title: Democracy Promotion Under Obama: Finding a Way Forward
Authors: Thomas Carothers
Date: February 2009

Title: A New Direction for U.S. Policy in the Caspian Region
Authors: Martha Brill Olcott
Date: February 2009

Title: President Obama and Middle East Expectations
Authors: Amr Hamzawy, Marina Ottaway
Date: January 2009

Title: Focus and Exit: An Alternative Strategy for the Afghan War
Authors: Gilles Dorronsoro
Date: January 2009

Title: Avoiding Mutual Misunderstanding: Sino-U.S. Relations and the New Administration
Authors: Tianjian Shi, Meredith Wen
Date: January 2009

Title: Thinking Strategically About Russia
Authors: Dmitri Trenin
Date: December 2008

Title: Syrian–Israeli Peace: A Possible Key to Regional Change
Authors: Paul Salem
Date: December 2008

Title: Sharing the Burden in the Middle East
Authors: Marina Ottaway
Date: December 2008

Title: Stabilizing Afghanistan: Threats and Challenges
Authors: William Maley
Date: October 2008

Title: Russian–American Security Relations After Georgia
Authors: Rose Gottemoeller
Date: October 2008

Title: Nuclear Renaissance: Is It Coming? Should It?
Authors: Sharon Squassoni
Date: October 2008

Title: Iran: Is Productive Engagement Possible?
Authors: Karim Sadjadpour
Date: October 2008

Title: Abolishing Nuclear Weapons: Why the United States Should Lead
Authors: George Perkovich
Date: October 2008

Title: Iran Says “No”—Now What?
Authors: George Perkovich
Date: September 2008

Title: China's Economic Rise -- Fact and Fiction
Authors: Albert Keidel
Date: July 2008

Title: Democracy Promotion in the Middle East: Restoring Credibility
Authors: Marina Ottaway
Date: June 2008

Title: Asia — Shaping the Future
Authors: Douglas H. Paal
Date: June 2008

Title: Sunset for the Two-State Solution?
Authors: Nathan Brown
Date: May 2008

Title: Is a League of Democracies a Good Idea?
Authors: Thomas Carothers
Date: May 2008

Title: Breaking the Suicide Pact: U.S.–China Cooperation on Climate Change
Authors: William Chandler
Date: March 2008

Title: Pakistan—Conflicted Ally in the War on Terror
Authors: Ashley Tellis
Date: December 2007

Title: Corruption Threatens China’s Future
Authors: Minxin Pei
Date: October 2007

Title: China’s Looming Crisis—Inflation Returns
Authors: Albert Keidel
Date: September 2007

Title: U.S. Living Standards in an Era of Globalization
Authors: Sandra Polaski
Date: July 2007

Title: Russia’s Strategic Choices
Authors: Dmitri Trenin
Date: June 2007

Title: Punching the U.S. Military’s “Soft Ribs”: China’s Antisatellite Weapon Test in Strategic Perspective
Authors: Ashley Tellis
Date: June 2007

Title: Don’t Give Up on Democracy Promotion
Authors: Nathan Brown, Michele Dunne, Amr Hamzawy
Date: June 2007

Title: "Democratic Bomb": Failed Strategy
Authors: George Perkovich
Date: November 2006

Title: China's Social Unrest: The Story Behind the Stories
Authors: Albert Kiedel
Date: September 2006

Title: China's Charm: Implications of Chinese Soft Power
Authors: Josh Kurlantzick
Date: June 2006

Title: Living with Palestinian Democracy
Authors: Nathan Brown
Date: May 2006

Title: Pakistan: The Myth of an Islamist Peril
Authors: Frederic Grare
Date: February 2006

Title: Simmering Fire in Asia: Averting Sino-Japanese Strategic Conflict
Authors: Minxin Pei, Michael Swaine
Date: November 2005

Title: Back From the Brink: A Strategy for Iraq
Authors: Marina S. Ottaway
Date: November 2005

Title: Reading Russia Right
Authors: Dmitri Trenin
Date: October 2005

Title: Putin's Decline and America's Response
Authors: Anders Aslund
Date: August 2005

Title: The Key to Arab Reform: Moderate Islamists
Authors: Amr Hamzawy
Date: July 2005

Title: Evaluating Palestinian Reform
Authors: Nathan Brown
Date: June 2005

Title: China's Currency: Not the Problem
Authors: Albert Keidel
Date: June 2005

Title: Lessons Not Learned: Problems with Western Aid for Law Reform in Postcommunist Countries
Authors: Wade Channell
Date: May 2005

Title: Judicial Reform in China: Lessons from Shanghai
Authors: Veron Hung
Date: April 2005

Title: The Chosen Nation: The Influence of Religion on U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: John B. Judis
Date: March 2005

Title: South Asian Seesaw: A New U.S. Policy on the Subcontinent
Authors: Ashley J. Tellis
Date: March 2005

Title: Iraq: Without Consensus, Democracy Is Not the Answer
Authors: Marina Ottaway
Date: March 2005

Title: A Spreading Danger: Time for a New Policy Toward Chechnya
Authors: Thomas de Waal, Fiona Hill, Anatol Lieven
Date: March 2005

Title: Post-Election Iraq: Facing the Constitutional Challenge
Authors: Nathan Brown
Date: February 2005

Title: Iran Is Not an Island: A Strategy to Mobilize the Neighbors
Authors: George Perkovich
Date: February 2005

Title: Evaluating Middle East Reform: How Do We Know When It Is Significant?
Authors: Marina S. Ottaway
Date: February 2005

Title: A Better Way to Support Middle East Reform
Authors: Thomas Carothers
Date: February 2005

Title: Political Alternation, Regardless of Ideology, Diminishes Influence Buying: Lessons from Transitions in Former Communist States
Authors: Karla Hoff, Shale Horowitz, Branko Milanovic
Date: January 2005

Title: How Russia is Not Ukraine: The Closing of Russian Civil Society
Authors: Maria Lipman
Date: January 2005

Title: Libya: Security Is Not Enough
Authors: Michele Dunne
Date: October 2004

Title: States at Risk and Failed States
Authors: Stefan Mair, Marina S. Ottaway
Date: September 2004

Title: Development and Foreign Investments: Lessons Learned from Mexican Banking
Authors: Jacob Steinfeld
Date: July 2004

Title: Deterring Conflict in the Taiwan Strait: The Successes and Failures of Taiwan’s Defense Reform and Modernization Program
Authors: Micheal D. Swaine
Date: July 2004

Title: Democracy and Constituencies in the Arab World
Authors: Marina S. Ottaway
Date: July 2004

Title: Europe’s Uncertain Pursuit of Middle East Reform
Authors: Richard Youngs
Date: June 2004

Title: Job Anxiety Is Real-And It's Global
Authors: Sandra Polaski
Date: May 2004

Title: Small Enterprises and Economic Policy
Authors: Anders Åslund, Simon Johnson
Date: March 2004

Title: Middle Eastern Democracy: Is Civil Society the Answer?
Authors: Amy Hawthorne
Date: March 2004

Title: Greater Middle East Initiative Off to a False Start
Authors: Thomas Carothers, Marina Ottaway
Date: March 2004

Title: Women's Rights and Democracy in the Arab World
Authors: Marina S. Ottaway
Date: February 2004

Title: The Hinge to Europe: Don't Make Britain Choose Between the U.S. and the E.U.
Authors: Anatol Lieven
Date: August 2003

Title: Decoding Cancun: Hard Decisions for a Development Round
Authors: John Audley, George Perkovich, Sandra Polaski, Scott Vaughan
Date: August 2003

Title: Lessons from the Past: The American Record in Nation-Building
Authors: Sara Kasper, Minxin Pei
Date: April 2003

Title: Political Reconstruction in Iraq: A Reality Check
Authors: Marina Ottaway, Judith Yaphe
Date: March 2003

Title: Reverse Course? The Fragile Turnaround in U.S.-China Relations
Authors: Michael Swaine
Date: February 2003

Title: Beyond Arms Control: How to Deal with Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Rose Gottemoeller
Date: February 2003

Title: Democratic Mirage in the Middle East
Authors: Daniel Brumberg, Thomas Carothers, Amy Hawthorne, Marina Ottaway
Date: October 2002

Title: America's New Alliance with Pakistan: Avoiding the Traps of the Past
Authors: Husain Haqqani
Date: October 2002

Title: New Role in U.S. Trade Policy
Authors: John Audley
Date: September 2002

Title: September 11, One Year Later: A World of Change
Authors: Jessica T Mathews
Date: August 2002

Title: Global Challenges: Beating the Odds
Authors: P.J. Simmons
Date: August 2002

Title: Summit with Substance: Creating Payoffs in an Unequal Partnership
Authors: Andrew Kuchins
Date: May 2002

Title: U.S. Climate Policy After Kyoto: Elements for Success
Authors: Daniel Bodansky
Date: April 2002

Title: End of a Brief Affair? The United States and Iran
Authors: Daniel Brumberg
Date: March 2002

Title: Rebalancing United States-China Relations
Authors: Minxin Pei, Michael Swaine
Date: February 2002

Title: Rebuilding Afghanistan: Fantasy versus Reality
Authors: Anatol Lieven, Marina Ottaway
Date: January 2002

Title: Preventing New Afghanistans: A Regional Strategy for Reconstruction
Authors: Martha Brill Olcott
Date: January 2002

Title: Future Shock: The WTO and Political Change in China
Authors: Minxin Pei
Date: December 2001

Title: Building Capitalism: Lessons of the Postcommunist Experience
Authors: Shlomo Avineri
Date: December 2001

Title: A Realistic U.S. Role in the Arab-Israeli Conflict
Authors: Shlomo Avineri
Date: December 2001

Title: After the Attacks: Protecting Borders and Liberties
Authors: Doris Miessner
Date: November 2001

Title: The World Bank of the Future: Victim, Villain, Global Credit Union?
Authors: Nancy Birdsall
Date: October 2001

Title: Overhauling the WTO: Opportunity at Doha and Beyond
Authors: John Audley, Ann M. Florini
Date: October 2001

Title: Soldiers Before Missiles: Meeting the Challenge from the World's Streets
Authors: Anatol Lieven
Date: May 2001

Title: Russia: Key to U.S. Missile Plan
Authors: Lee Feinstein
Date: May 2001

Title: Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia
Authors: Thomas Carothers
Date: May 2001

Title: McNamara on Cuba, Nuclear Weapons and Fallibility
Authors: Robert McNamara
Date: May 2001

Title: Fighting Terrorism: Lessons from the Cold War
Authors: Anatol Lieven
Date: May 2001

Title: The Business of Russian Cooperation with Iran
Authors: Alexander Pikayev
Date: April 2001

Title: How Effective is the MTCR?
Authors: Richard Speier
Date: April 2001

Title: A Step Backward on Nuclear Cooperation
Authors: Mike McFaul
Date: April 2001

Title: A New Nuclear Posture For the United States
Authors: Jan Lodal
Date: April 2001

Title: Russian Arms and Technology Transfers to Iran
Authors: Michael Eisenstadt
Date: March 2001

Title: North Korea: Hard Line is Not the Best Line
Authors: Jon B. Wolfsthal
Date: March 2001

Title: Did China Threaten to Bomb Los Angeles?
Authors: Chas Freeman
Date: March 2001

Title: Ballistic Missile Arsenals in the Middle East
Authors: Justin Anderson
Date: March 2001

Title: The Greatest Unmet National Security Threat
Authors: Lloyd Cutler, Susan Eisenhower
Date: January 2001

Title: Less is Better: An Agenda for Africa
Authors: Marina Ottaway
Date: December 2000

Title: Back to the Future in North Korea
Authors: Jon Wolfsthal
Date: December 2000

Title: The Election Matrix
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: November 2000

Title: Querying Saddam's Bombmaker
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: November 2000

Title: Nuclear Nirvana
Authors: Pervez Hoodbhoy
Date: November 2000

Title: NMD Stirs European Anxieties
Authors: Joseph Cirincione, Camille Grand
Date: November 2000

Title: The Case of the Missing Technology
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: October 2000

Title: Korean Security: The Highest Hurdle
Authors: Jon Wolfsthal
Date: October 2000

Title: Lost At Sea
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: September 2000

Title: Kursk: Cold War Casualty
Authors: Jon Wolfsthal
Date: August 2000

Title: Common Wisdom on NMD
Date: August 2000

Title: CIA Reports on States Acquiring WMD
Date: August 2000

Title: Weaponization in South Asia
Authors: Neil Joeck
Date: July 2000

Title: Russia's Missile Assistance to Iran
Authors: Robert Gallucci, Viktor Mizin, Robbie Sabel
Date: July 2000

Title: Georgia: Political Developments and Regional Security
Authors: Erik Scott
Date: July 2000

Title: Frances Fitzgerald on the National Mythology of Missile Defense
Authors: Frances Fitzgerald
Date: July 2000

Title: China's Proliferation Record
Authors: Rodney Jones
Date: July 2000

Title: Completing the Deterrence Triangle
Authors: Reuven Pedatzur
Date: June 2000

Title: The Incredible Shrinking Russian Nuclear Force
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: May 2000

Title: The Grand Nuclear Bargain
Authors: Todd Sechser
Date: May 2000

Title: Senator Domenici Endorses Accelerated Funding for Nuclear Threat Reduction
Authors: Pete Domenici
Date: May 2000

Title: Assessing Arab Anger
Authors: Miriam Rajkumar, Adrienne Weiner
Date: May 2000

Title: Arbatov on U.S.-Russian Arms Reduction
Authors: Alexei Arbatov
Date: May 2000

Title: START II Nears Ratification, Implementation Still at Risk
Authors: Joseph Cirincione, Jon Wolfsthal
Date: April 2000

Title: Report: Bold New Steps on US-Russian Nuclear Security for Clinton-Putin Summit
Authors: Matthew Bunn
Date: April 2000

Title: NMD: An Untested and Dangerous Remedy
Authors: Kurt Gottfried
Date: April 2000

Title: French Political Director Errera Discusses U.S. Missile Defense at Carnegie Conference
Authors: Gerard Errera
Date: April 2000

Title: The Asian Nuclear Reaction Chain
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: March 2000

Title: President Clinton's Remarks at the Carnegie International Non-Proliferation Conference
Authors: William J. Clinton
Date: March 2000

Title: Pacific Command Chief Assesses Asian Security Community at Carnegie Conference
Authors: Dennis Blair
Date: March 2000

Title: Getting to "Maybe" in South Asia
Authors: Todd Sechser
Date: March 2000

Title: French Political Director Errera Stresses Need for Cooperation and Broad Perspective
Authors: Gerard Errera
Date: March 2000

Title: Former Joint Chief Chairman Shalikashvili Makes Test Ban Case at Carnegie Conference
Authors: John Shalikashvili
Date: March 2000

Title: Why U.S. Allies Do Not See a Missile Threat
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: January 2000

Title: The Missile Threat: An Intelligent Assessment
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: January 2000

Title: Proliferation Resources on the Web
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: January 2000

Title: India's Slow-Motion Nuclear Deployment
Authors: P.R. Chari
Date: January 2000

Title: Cuba's Nuclear Straddle
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: January 2000

Title: Chechnya: Effects of the War and Prospects for Peace
Authors: Dmitri Trenin
Date: January 2000

Title: Financing Nuclear Security
Authors: Todd Sechser
Date: December 1999

Title: U.S. Military Wants Test Ban
Authors: Jon B. Wolfsthal
Date: October 1999

Title: Rep. Tauscher on Winning the Post-Cold War
Authors: Jon B. Wolfsthal
Date: October 1999

Title: A Watershed Vote
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: October 1999

Title: A Verifiable Test Ban
Authors: Toby Dalton
Date: October 1999

Title: The Ballistic Missile Threat Evolves
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: September 1999

Title: Secretary Albright Champions Test Ban
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: September 1999

Title: Second Chance in North Korea
Authors: Jon B. Wolfsthal
Date: September 1999

Title: Understanding the BW Threat
Authors: Janice Sung
Date: July 1999

Title: Rocky Road for NPT Review
Authors: Rebecca Johnson
Date: July 1999

Title: U.S.-Russia Programs Survive Kosovo, Face Congressional Threat
Authors: Toby Dalton
Date: May 1999

Title: China's Changing Nuclear Posture
Authors: Chas W. Freeman, Robert S. Norris, Ming Zhang
Date: May 1999

Title: China's Nuclear Modernization
Authors: Joseph Cirincione, Matt Rice
Date: April 1999

Title: U.S. Programs Face Growing Russian Threat
Authors: Toby Dalton
Date: March 1999

Title: The China Nuclear Controversy
Authors: Gary Samore
Date: March 1999

Title: Missile Defense Failures Offer Lessons
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: March 1999

Title: March Missile Madness
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: March 1999

Title: Russian Nuclear Insecurity
Authors: Alexander Pikayev
Date: February 1999

Title: Luncheon Discussion on the Sphere Project
Authors: Nan Buzard, Kathleen Newland, Joelle Tanguy, Nicole W. W. Green
Date: February 1999

Title: China's Missile Warning
Authors: Sha Zukang
Date: February 1999

Title: A New Low in U.S.-Russian Relations
Authors: Alexander Pikayev
Date: February 1999

Title: START II: Better Late Than Never
Authors: Alexander Pikayev
Date: December 1998

Title: Nuclear First Use....For What?
Authors: George Perkovich
Date: December 1998

Title: Canada Aims to Shift Nuclear Policy
Authors: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: December 1998

Title: Non-Proliferation Congress Update
Authors: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: October 1998

Title: Breach of Contract in Korea
Authors: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: October 1998

Title: New Declassified 1998 Report on the Ballistic Missile Threat
Authors: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: September 1998

Title: Nuclear Free-Fall
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: August 1998

Title: Iran Missile Sanctions
Authors: Richard Speier
Date: August 1998

Title: Deterring the CBW Threat
Date: July 1998

Title: A New Approach for South Asia
Date: July 1998

Title: The China Satellite Debate
Date: June 1998

Title: Russian Domestic Concerns Stall START
Authors: Toby Dalton
Date: June 1998

Title: Ministers Meet on Nuclear Crisis
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: June 1998

Title: U.S. Tries to Stifle Pakistan Nuclear Test
Authors: Joseph Cirincione, Toby Dalton
Date: May 1998

Title: Russia Tries Again to Ratify START
Authors: Joseph Cirincione
Date: May 1998

Title: India Tests Three Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Joseph Cirincione, Toby Dalton
Date: May 1998

Title: Tbilisi: The Tip of the Nuclear Iceberg
Authors: Toby F. Dalton
Date: April 1998

Title: Reorganizing The Immigration Function
Authors: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date: January 1998

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Reports

Title: Understanding the Bergdahl Prisoner Exchange
Authors: Mieke Eoyang, Ben Freeman
Date: June 2014

Title: Balancing Without Containment: An American Strategy for Managing China
Authors: Ashley J. Tellis
Date: January 2014

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