Columbia International Affairs Online: Working Papers

CIAO DATE: 04/2010

Argentina's Double Political Spectrum: Party System, Political Identities, and Strategies, 1944–2007

Pierre Ostiguy

October 2009

The Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies

Abstract

The paper demonstrates that the Argentine political arena or “party system” is, has been, and continues to be structured as a two-dimensional space, and more precisely, at least from 1945 to 2002, as a double political spectrum. This structure for party or leaders’ competition has resisted and outlasted many regime changes, economic calamities, and institutionally short-lived political actors. In fact, positions in the twodimensional Argentine political space are far more stable than the partisan institutions themselves; a position abandoned within it leads to the creation of a new partisan actor to fill it. The dimension orthogonal to the left-right axis, itself very present in Argentina, is clearly rooted in the social, political, political-cultural, and sociocultural cleavage between Peronism and the forces opposed to it, or “anti-Peronism.” Both Peronism and anti-Peronism, moreover, fully range from left to right, thus creating a double political spectrum in Argentina. This main cleavage, in addition, has been notoriously difficult to characterize ideologically and politically, also complicating the comparative analysis of party systems. A key goal of this paper is to show that it is best understood—in a more general way—as being a conflict and contrast between the “high” and the “low” (Ostiguy 2009) in politics. This paper combines spatial analysis (including political mapping) with the qualitative historical analysis it often lacks. The paper examines both political appeals and their electoral reception—thus taking into account observable political discourse and differentiated practices as well as more conventional political sociology of voting. The paper moreover provides an original account, based on appeals and rapidly shifting “axes of differentiation” in politics, of the creation of what then congealed as the cleavage between Peronism and anti-Peronism. Overall, the paper constitutes a thorough analysis of party systems, political identities, and electoral strategies from 1944 up to 2007 in Argentina within a resilient, structured political space. It is also, as such, an analysis of Peronism and its opposite.