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CIAO DATE: 08/07
Front Cover, About This Issue (PDF, 5 pages, 316 KB)
The Editors
Introduction (PDF, 1 page, 72 KB)
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
The United States: Inextricably Linked with Nations Across the Globe (PDF, 4 pages, 236 KB)
Walter Russell Mead, the Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy, and Scott Erwin and Eitan Goldstein, Research Associates, Council on Foreign Relations
American diplomacy in the 20th century is largely the story of how policy-makers have sought to strike the right equilibrium between national interests and ultimate ideals.
The Panama Canal: A Vital Maritime Link for the World (PDF, 3 pages, 319 KB)
Building the Canal and Transferring Control
The Cold War: A Test of American Power and a Trial of Ideals (PDF, 5 pages, 341 KB)
Michael Jay Friedman, a U.S. Diplomatic Historian and Washington File Staff Writer, Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State
With the defeat of Germany in 1945 and the widespread destruction the war had wrought throughout Europe, the United States and the Soviet Union represented competing and incompatible philosophies, objectives, and plans for rebuilding and reorganizing the continent.
The Marshall Plan: A Strategy That Worked (PDF, 6 pages, 265 KB)
David W. Ellwood, Associate Professor of International History at the University of Bologna, Italy, and professorial lecturer at Johns Hopkins University, Bologna Center.
It didn’t start as a plan, and some of the veterans said it never did become a plan. Yet the European Recovery Program–better known as the Marshall Plan–has entered into history as the most successful American foreign policy project of all since World War II.
The Marshall Plan: A Story in Pictures (PDF, 3 pages, 265 KB)
The Suez Crisis: A Crisis That Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East (PDF, 4 pages, 165 KB)
Peter L. Hahn, Professor of U.S. Diplomatic History, The Ohio State University, and Executive Director, the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Suez Crisis, when a major regional war nearly erupted between Egypt, Israel, Britain, and France that may have drawn in the Soviet Union and the United States
Brussels Universal and International Exposition (Expo 1958) (PDF, 1 page, 98 KB)
The Expo provided the backdrop for the cultural Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union.
Nixon In China: A Turning Point in World History (PDF, 4 pages, 165 KB)
Warren I. Cohen, Distinguished University Professor of History and Presidential Research Professor, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
The 1949 victory of the Chinese communists in the Chinese civil war had a shattering impact upon the United States, but by 1972 tensions had eased and each found the need to resume normalization.
Ping-Pong Diplomacy Spearheaded U.S.-Chinese Relations (PDF, 2 pages, 153 KB)
Unlikely diplomats went to play table tennis and changed history along the way.
Trade and Economics as a Force in U.S. Foreign Relations (PDF, 5 pages, 215 KB)
Maarten L. Pereboom, Professor of History and Chairman, Department of History, Salisbury University
Emerging as a world leader in the 20th century, the United States, while certainly continuing to pursue its own economic interests abroad, drew upon its Enlightenment roots and promoted the ideals of freedom, democracy, and open markets in the belief that “free nations trading freely” would result in the worldwide improvement of the human condition.
After the Cold War (PDF, 3 pages, 186 KB)
Walter Laqueur, Co-Chair, International Research Council, Center for Strategic and International Studies
When the Cold War came to an end in 1989 with the dismantling of the Berlin wall, when the countries of Eastern Europe regained independence, and when finally the Soviet Union disintegrated, there was widespread feeling throughout the world that at long last universal peace had descended on Earth.
Bibliography (PDF, 2 pages, 59 KB)
Internet Resources (PDF, 4 pages, 275 KB)