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CIAO DATE: 04/03
Foreign Policy
If I Were President . . .
Introduction
George W. Bush’s policies toward North Korea and Iraq are under fire, and public approval of his presidency is declining. What’s the Democratic alternative?
Throughout the U.S. presidential campaigns of the last decade, foreign policy took a back seat to the economy, family values, Social Security, and taxes. But American voters didn’t lose interest in the world; rather, without the looming threat of the Soviet Union, what happened “over there” just seemed less relevant to their daily lives. Rising tensions in the Middle East couldn’t compete with the rising costs of prescription drugs.
But when “the world” returned to American consciousness with a vengeance on September 11, 2001, the dynamics of U.S. politics changed yet again. President George W. Bush’s opponents in the Democratic Party, confident they had the political advantage on domestic issues, suddenly found their voices drowned out by the commander in chief. The dismal performance of Democrats in the 2002 midterm elections only reinforced the perception that their party has no global vision or popular mandate on national security issues.
The Democratic candidates who seek to unseat President Bush in 2004 now know they must not only convince a skeptical public that they can lead the United States through its current crises but that they can lead the country better than Bush. Foreign Policy magazine asked four Democratic presidential hopefuls to articulate their vision of the United States’ role in the world.
Up To The Challenge
by John Edwards
Since the first responsibility of any government is to protect its citizens from harm, Washington must now do as much as possible to meet two overriding priorities: securing the American people at home and addressing both the immediate and long-term threats to our security abroad. Yet I worry that the Bush administration is failing to achieve both, neither doing what it takes to make the United States safe nor working hard enough to develop a comprehensive strategy for enhancing global security.
Let’s begin with homeland security, which is a vital part of any national security strategy. Thankfully, we have made real progress on airport security systems and have started a massive government reorganization to create the Department of Homeland Security. But we still don’t have the means to infiltrate terrorist organizations operating within the United States or adequate ways to stop terrorists or their weapons from getting through the holes in U.S. borders or ports. We still have not given police the proper training and equipment to protect bridges and tunnels. We still have not done enough to help the police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians on the front lines to help coordinate a response in the event of an attack. We still have not done nearly enough to encourage and help all Americans to play a part in making the country safer.
In short, today there is still no comprehensive strategy for domestic security. Up to now, the Bush administration has focused on racking up political achievements for itself rather than substantive achievements for U.S. security. And against all reason, the administration stubbornly clings to permanent tax cuts that will benefit mainly the top 1 percent of Americans while arguing that the government can’t afford vital measures to protect the American people.
A comprehensive approach to domestic security must include initiatives to find and track terrorists through better intelligence, to improve border security and target protection, and to do as much as possible to enhance domestic readiness. I have outlined proposals in each of these areas, and I believe acting on them must be an urgent priority.
Yet making the United States safe at home is only the first step—we also have to do much better to make the United States safe in the world. This effort means we have to meet at least three key challenges: eliminating the threat of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons; winning the war on terrorism; and promoting democracy and freedom around the world, especially in the Middle East.
To eliminate the threat from weapons of mass destruction, we must ensure countries such as Iraq and North Korea abide by their international obligations. That is why I supported authorizing the use of force to disarm Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and why I was so dismayed by the administration’s muddled response to the recent North Korea crisis. But the threat from weapons of mass destruction is much bigger than Iraq and North Korea. To prevent future threats from arising, the United States must treat non-proliferation as a strategic imperative. Unfortunately, so far, the administration has spent far more diplomatic energy to weaken the international consensus against proliferation than to strengthen it.
The world needs more U.S. leadership on these issues, not less. Just as the United States must lead a global coalition against countries like Iraq, it must forge a global coalition against the larger threat from weapons of mass destruction. We must do much more to support the many disarmament programs already in place to dismantle weapons and prevent access to weapons-grade materials in Russia and the former Soviet states; we must also devote the maximum resources necessary to support cooperative threat-reduction programs, including the Nunn-Lugar Act of 1991.
American resolve in these efforts must also be matched in the long-term fight against terrorist groups like al Qaeda. I reject the false choice between fighting the war on terrorism and combating the threat posed by weapons of mass destruction. The United States’ national security requires both.
The war on terrorism, as the fight against weapons proliferation, will never be won through unilateral American action. Though powerful, the United States cannot be everywhere and learn everything without cooperation from our friends and allies. Al Qaeda alone is known to operate in more than 60 countries, and we therefore need the cooperation of intelligence and law enforcement agencies around the world.
The United States must also be there to fight terrorism for the long haul—waging war when necessary but also doing what it takes to win the peace. From the Balkans to Afghanistan, the Bush administration has displayed a visceral rejection of leadership in post-conflict situations. Again, we should not—and cannot—go it alone. But we must make such leadership a higher priority. We’ve proved that we have firepower. Now we must show the world that we have staying power.
A vital part of staying power is the U.S. effort to promote global democracy and freedom. Ultimately, there is no greater force for peace and prosperity and against terrorism than the promotion of democratic regimes that respect human rights and the rule of law both within and beyond their borders. That’s why the United States must lead a far-reaching new effort to build the infrastructure of just and lawful societies: a free press and civil society, open and fair elections, and the legal, political, and regulatory institutions to make government accountable.
This effort will require steady diplomatic pressure and increased funding. I support the administration’s ongoing effort to link assistance to just and responsible governance. But the United States must also rally Europe, Japan, and multilateral aid agencies to put democracy and good governance at the center of their strategies and standards.
This emphasis is especially important for the Middle East. No area of the world is now more critical to U.S. interests, yet no area of the world is less democratic. Getting serious about political reform and human rights in the Middle East will require specific strategies in specific countries, but it will also depend on achieving energy security. Presidents of both parties have tolerated and even supported authoritarian regimes in the Middle East, in part because the United States depends on them for oil. A real commitment to energy independence—which the Bush administration clearly lacks—would not only strengthen the U.S. economy but free the United States to promote American values. The United States must also do far more to promote peace between Israel and the Palestinians.
Finally, Americans must remember this fundamental fact: Success in combating weapons of mass destruction, fighting terrorism, and promoting democracy is only possible through American leadership of the world—not American disregard for it. Too often, the current administration sends the message that others don’t matter. It rightly demands that U.S. allies back efforts vital to U.S. interests but then shows disdain for cooperative endeavors and agreements important to theirs. Indeed, the administration often treats allies as an afterthought, gratuitously rubbing in its contempt for them and their views.
We will always have some differences with friends and allies. But what’s important is how we resolve those differences—or agree not to. We should always stick to our principles, do our best to bring others to our way of thinking, and remain committed to resolving disputes in a respectful spirit. But picking up and walking away is not an exercise of leadership; it is an abdication of it. After all, a leader who has to go it alone is no longer leading anybody.
Right now, when it comes to U.S. security at home and abroad, Americans have the worst of both worlds: an administration that has not done enough to strengthen our domestic security but has done far too much to isolate us in the world. The American people deserve better on both counts.
A Renewed Commitment to Global Leadership
by Richard A. Gephardt
Last June, I gave a foreign policy address to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Council on Foreign Relations in which I offered to work with President George W. Bush to build an effective policy toward Iraq. I felt then, as I do today, that to protect the United States’ national interests, we must use diplomatic tools where we can and military means when we must to eliminate the threat Iraqi President Saddam Hussein poses to the region and our own security.
In negotiations with the Bush administration on the congressional legislation authorizing the use of force, if necessary, to eliminate Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction, my proudest contribution was to insist on language calling on Bush to continue active diplomatic engagement to resolve this crisis before he resorts to military action. In every conversation I had with the president, I emphasized the importance of exhausting all diplomatic means and of working with other nations to maximize our potential for success. These efforts compelled the president into a partnership with the United Nations that resulted in U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441, which warns of “serious consequences” if Iraq does not allow weapons inspectors to verify the destruction of its weapons of mass destruction.
In approaching this crisis and other foreign policy challenges, I drew from a long tradition of leadership that has shaped U.S. foreign policy since World War II. At many points in the last half century, our nation has faced a choice between taking a global leadership role or reverting to the illusory security of isolation, as we did after World War I. To our great benefit, our leaders have repeatedly committed themselves to the first path through their keen understanding of America’s long-term interests, their constant recognition that the United States must be engaged in world events, and their sustained efforts to draw other nations to our cause and the values that guide it.
I am determined to further this tradition of committed leadership and have pursued such a course in international affairs throughout my career. In my view, U.S. foreign policy must focus first and foremost on protecting U.S. security interests, engaging the world to advance those interests, and using our influence to broaden the community of nations that share our values and aspirations. Unlike the times of our previous presidents, however, the new opportunities afforded us by globalization and the dangers beset upon us by terrorism require an additional commitment to broad-based citizen involvement. To expand the circle of free and prosperous nations in today’s world, I am convinced the United States must invest the skills, talents, and altruistic spirit of the American people in this enterprise.
Over the last two years, President Bush has unfortunately chosen to disregard these essential principles as he has attempted to manage U.S. foreign policy. Instead, he has chosen to pursue objectives through unilateral actions and a widely criticized doctrine of preemption rather than through the use of influence and coalition building that generally has had a more lasting and effectual impact on the course of world events. Sadly, Bush’s path has had the effect of isolating our nation, alienating our allies, and—most seriously—undermining our security and values throughout the world.
Consequently, as our nation faces the greatest threat to its security since World War II, we are today less able to advance our interests through the exercise of global leadership. Fewer nations choose to follow our lead; more nations resent our tilt toward unilateralism. The consequences of this approach are evident:
First, President Bush showed strong leadership in the weeks after the tragedy of September 11, 2001. On the first battleground of the war on terrorism, Bush successfully rooted the Taliban out of Afghanistan; however, he failed to close escape routes for Osama bin Laden and other al Qaeda leaders. And by refusing to commit to a sufficient peacekeeping presence in Afghanistan, he has allowed instability to fester and terrorist cells to regroup for the next fight.
Second, in the Middle East, it has always been imperative that our nation maintain unflinching support for Israel’s security and an unwavering commitment to reduce violence and promote steps toward peace. In contrast, this administration has wavered between support and criticism for Israel, which, combined with a distinct effort to disengage from any dialogue, has frustrated the progress toward peace.
Third, in terms of U.S. relations with Russia, I have worked since the days of glasnost and perestroika to assist its transition to democracy and build new partnerships from the grass roots up. Moreover, in 2001, I called for a new strategic framework to promote mutual security and to counter the threats of proliferation and terrorism. President Bush chose to pursue a different course by abandoning a framework that had preserved stability for three decades without offering a coherent vision of our future bilateral relations. Today, all he has to show for this course is a nuclear weapons treaty that doesn’t eliminate nuclear weapons and a construction plan for a missile defense system that has not yet proved to work.
Fourth, in Africa, I have met with people on the front lines in the struggle against HIV/AIDS and have advocated steadily for increased funding to eradicate this threat to the health and security of all nations. I have also supported and contributed my efforts to relieve the staggering debt that burdens African nations. Despite many promises, President Bush has yet to deliver the resources necessary to fulfill our moral obligation to these efforts.
Finally, and perhaps most important, at home I worked diligently for the creation of a Department of Homeland Security that will maximize the safety of our citizens and value the hard work of its employees. After exerting considerable effort to oppose this initiative—not to mention opposing an independent commission that can apply lessons learned from September 11—the president belatedly joined the cause. But he continues to withhold the funds needed for many critical security measures to be implemented effectively.
Without a clear sense of our nation’s key global interests, a sustained commitment to engage on their behalf, and a desire to strengthen and expand alliances, our foreign policy can and will falter. As we confront these challenges, we must keep these principles in mind and look for new opportunities to advance our values and our security throughout the world.
During missions to other countries, I have seen that U.S. foreign policy is often most effectively exercised by average Americans. From the retired businessman administering microloans in Morocco to the young lawyer working to empower women in India, Americans abroad can make a difference.
For many Americans, the tragedy of September 11 awakened a new interest in the world and a new potential to effect positive change in regions where hopelessness has bred extremism. Our government must encourage efforts beyond established military and diplomatic means to spread democratic values, the rule of law, and free enterprise. Our goal must be to reach beyond our borders and forge bonds that can last for generations.
Today, our nation confronts a serious threat from North Korea, one that may not have reached this stage had our president adopted the fundamental foreign policy principles that have served this nation well since World War II. Instead, he walked away from this challenge early in his administration, ignoring advice from myself and others to protect the nation’s interests by remaining engaged and working with allies. As we contend with this threat and other global challenges, I believe that steady, committed leadership and inspired public involvement can provide the foundation for a more coherent and forward-looking foreign policy for the coming years.
Addressing The Democratic Deficit
by John Kerry
Democrats must resist a new orthodoxy within our party—a politically stagnating shift that does a disservice to more than 75 years of history. That is the new conventional wisdom of consultants, pollsters, and strategists who argue that Democrats should be the party of domestic issues alone.
They are wrong. As a party, Democrats need to talk about all the things that strengthen and protect the United States. We need to have a vision that extends to the world around us, and we should remember that this vision is as old as our party. Woodrow Wilson was elected president during a time of peace, but he led during a time of war. Franklin Roosevelt was elected to tackle the Great Depression, create Social Security, and put the United States back to work. But no one should forget that he did those things even as he responded to Pearl Harbor and marshaled the nation’s troops from Normandy to Iwo Jima. And John F. Kennedy didn’t try to change the subject of the debate when Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower’s vice president brought up foreign policy. Kennedy challenged the United States globally, insisting that the country do more and better, not because these things are easy but because they are hard. (Timeline: Democratic presidents and foreign policy)
It’s our turn again to talk about things that are hard.
The war on terrorism is different than any war in history. Intelligence is this nation’s most important weapon but also its greatest vulnerability. It is now common knowledge that crucial intercepts from September 10, 2001, weren’t translated until two days later because of severe understaffing at U.S. intelligence agencies. As of January 2002, the U.S. Army had an average 44 percent shortfall in translators and interpreters in five critical languages: Arabic, Korean, Mandarin-Chinese, Persian-Farsi, and Russian. The State Department reported a 26 percent shortage of authorized translators and interpreters.
To remedy this intelligence deficit, U.S. college campuses need to overcome a Vietnam-era mind-set that demonizes the CIA and FBI. To respond to the new threats, we must redouble our information-gathering efforts and make sure proper officials heed critical information, so that when we talk about preventing another September 11, we’re dealing in reality, not rhetoric. We also face critical choices in the makeup and structuring of the U.S. armed forces. Operations in Afghanistan, Kosovo, Bosnia, and the Persian Gulf have highlighted changes in military tactics and equipment needs. Outdated military equipment may please defense contractors, but it won’t win tomorrow’s battles. A modern military means smarter, more versatile equipment; better intelligence; advanced communications; long-range air power; and highly mobile ground forces.
Predictably, the Bush administration has talked about improvements but so far has failed to enact meaningful change. It is up to Democrats to understand and prepare for Fourth Generation warfare (fighting unconventional forces in unconventional ways) so our nation can be better prepared to wage and win the new war.
We must also change the way we interact with the world. For people who have suggested that unilateralism is “just the American way,” it’s time to acknowledge that, more and more, our allies are our eyes and ears around the globe and will play a critical role in intelligence operations. We need partners. We should work on our public and private diplomacy more thoughtfully, sensitively, and intensely to develop both.
I support the Bush administration’s goal of a regime change in Iraq. Iraqi President Saddam Hussein is a renegade and outlaw who turned his back on the tough conditions of his surrender put in place by the United Nations in 1991. But the administration’s rhetoric has far exceeded its plans or groundwork. In fact, its single-mindedness, secrecy, and high-blown phrases have alienated our allies and threatened to undermine the stability of the region.
As both a soldier and a senator, I learned that when it comes to war, our goal must not be just regime change but a lasting peace. The United States has won the war in Afghanistan without securing the peace. This administration has failed to make its case on the international stage or to the American people for the rationale of starting the war or for the means of ending it. We cannot afford to put the security of our allies, the region, and ultimately ourselves at risk for the vague promises we have heard to date. We must do better.
American leadership means we must listen to the cultures and histories of other countries and work harder to build coalitions and partnerships. But for two years, the Bush administration has drifted from its chosen proactive message of disengagement to the reactive, mixed, and contradictory messages of reluctant engagement.
We can and must engage thoughtfully, strategically, and firmly. Nowhere is the need more clear or urgent than in North Korea.
But the Bush administration has offered only a merry-go-round policy: Bush and his advisers got up on their high horse, whooped and hollered, rode around in circles, and ended up right back where they’d started. By suspending the talks initiated by the Clinton administration, asking for talks but with new conditions, refusing to talk under the threat of nuclear blackmail, and then reversing that refusal as North Korea’s master of brinkmanship upped the ante, the administration sowed confusion and put the despot Kim Jong Il in the driver’s seat. By publicly taking military force, negotiations, and sanctions off the table, the administration tied its own hands behind its back.
Now, finally, the Bush administration is rightly working with allies in the region—acting multilaterally—to pressure Pyongyang. It’s gotten off the merry-go-round; the question is why one would ever want to be so driven by unilateralist dogma to get on in the first place. Draining the swamps of terrorists will require much greater involvement in the world. It must include significant investments in the education and human infrastructure of troubled countries. The globalization of the last decade proved that simple measures like buying books and teaching family planning can do much to expose, rebut, isolate, and defeat apostles of hate. These and other techniques are crucial to ensuring that children are no longer brainwashed into becoming suicide bombers and that terrorists are denied the ideological swamplands in which they thrive. Foreign aid must be increased and reformed to focus on education. We must give countries in the Middle East a reason to want peace. In the next few years, if changes aren’t made, the potential for violence in that region will only increase. If we fail to reach the children and the families wrecked by the violence of poverty and seclusion, the growing population of unemployed and unemployable kids will find in fanaticism a tragic answer to its problems. Americans’ security depends on helping the people of the Middle East see and act on a legitimate vision of peace.
It’s up to the United States to respond. Only the United States is in a position to lead the effort with other governments and private-sector partners to beat this pandemic; only the United States has the resources to make a difference. An American president once said, “We cannot . . . be content to rot by inches in ignoble ease within our own borders, taking no interest in what goes on beyond them, sunk in scrambling commercialism; heedless of the higher life, the life of aspiration, of toil and risk . . . We cannot sit huddled within our own borders and avow ourselves merely an assemblage of well-to-do hucksters who care nothing for what happens beyond.”
The Republican Party has in too many ways already disavowed the lessons of that Republican leader, Teddy Roosevelt. Our party can’t afford to repeat those mistakes, not when national greatness hangs in the balance. It is time for Democrats to make clear once more: We will never surrender or submit—not on any issue, and not on any question before this country.
Responsibility, Opportunity, and Community
by Joseph Lieberman
In this era of uncertainty and conflict, the United States—blessed with the world’s strongest military, most ingenious economy, and most tolerant society—remains a model and leader to the world.
But around the globe, anti-Americanism is growing and U.S. leadership is being challenged. That is partially a by-product of U.S. preeminence, but some of it is a direct response to the Bush administration’s policies. Even our staunchest friends are troubled by the administration’s inclination for unilateral action, its inconsistent words and deeds, and its dismissive response to their legitimate concerns.
How do we use our power and leverage our moral authority to make the United States and the world safer and better? By meeting three intertwined challenges: living up to our security responsibilities, opening up new opportunities around the globe, and becoming more engaged in the world community.
Responsibility means living up to our government’s constitutional obligation to provide for the common defense and insure domestic tranquility. Since September 11, the most immediate dangers we face are from al Qaeda and other global terrorist networks. In the months and years to come, U.S. armed forces and intelligence agencies must pursue those terrorists more aggressively. We must fight the war with more than force—using diplomatic, economic, and political tools to disrupt al Qaeda and deprive it of support. We will need ploughshares and swords to win this war. We must refocus NATO, the world’s greatest military alliance, to apply its might to uproot terrorism. At home, we must reshape domestic defenses with more urgency, vision, and precision than the Bush administration has demonstrated.
Rogue nations present a grave second danger—one we must counter through early intervention, firm diplomacy, and, when necessary, an uncompromising willingness to use force. These past six months, the Bush administration has been strong, clear, and consistent on Iraq but weak, confusing, and inconsistent on North Korea. North Korea has a totalitarian leader whose destructive attempts to develop nuclear weapons are the cause of the current crisis. But by straying from the path of strength and diplomacy pursued by the Clinton administration, the Bush administration has turned a difficult challenge into a dangerous crisis.
The danger of terrorists and rogue states is compounded by the proliferation of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons. That’s why we must invest further in the Nunn-Lugar program to dismantle and secure loose nuclear materials and technologies and why we must renew our leadership in pursuit of more comprehensive nuclear arms control. An important start is recommitting to the ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. But preventive efforts might fail, so an effective missile defense system is also necessary.
Third, maintaining the global balance of power must be as high a priority as countering threats from terrorists and rogue nations. That means understanding the consequences of the Bush administration’s clumsily articulated policy of military preemption—and correcting the policy quickly. The United States has always reserved the right to use force to prevent an attack against us. But by declaring this doctrine without offering friends and foes clarification as to how and when the policy might be exercised, our government has prompted unease among allies and defensive action among enemies—without strengthening U.S. security.
Finally, we must reinvigorate the U.S. military for the new century through an aggressive transformation that makes it lighter, more lethal, and more readily equipped to win unconventional wars. The Bush administration’s rhetoric, which has been good on this point, must be matched with tough decisions and real resources. Those resources will be increasingly difficult to find since the president has overcommitted our national resources to his ineffective tax cuts.
Opportunity means advancing American values in the world by protecting human rights, meeting human needs, and opening global markets. Here again, the administration’s rhetoric has not been matched with concrete actions or adequate resources.
The Muslim world is in the midst of a civil war between a moderate majority, which seeks a better life, and a militant minority, which seeks to wage permanent war against all who are different and to bring down a theological iron curtain separating Islam from the rest of the world. For the sake of U.S. security and values, we must support the moderate Muslim majority’s aspirations. That means doing more than “draining the terrorist swamp.” We must also seed the garden—helping average people flourish by increasing economic opportunities and laying the institutional foundations of a civil society.
I have introduced a bill with Republican Sen. Chuck Hagel of Nebraska to do exactly that in partnership with the people of Afghanistan. Soon, Senator Hagel and I will introduce legislation expanding that model to the rest of the Muslim world. When we bring down trade and business barriers and build up democratic institutions that respect the God-given rights of all people, we will more clearly communicate that we are fighting a small group of vicious terrorists, not engaging in a global clash against Islam.
We must also demonstrate a commitment to opening markets, respecting human rights, and fighting disease in Africa—which is why I have supported the Debt Relief Enhancement Act and the African Growth and Opportunity Act. So, too, must we help pave the path to prosperity in the still tenuous democracies of Latin America by expanding trade and development and reinvigorating political groups such as the Organization of American States.
Finally, we must dramatically reform foreign aid—to ensure it helps those we intend it to help and reinforces American values of tolerance, equality, and opportunity. Once we are confident the money is being spent wisely, we should significantly increase our investment.
Community means engaging constructively with like-minded nations to build strong, sustaining institutions and alliances—and bringing emerging powers into this community so future conflict becomes less likely. The Bush administration has demonstrated an unhealthy disregard for the opinions of fellow nations—a disregard that has squandered some of the support we received after the September 11, 2001, attacks and diminished our influence around the world.
Consider the administration’s approach to global warming. Though the United States produces about a quarter of the world’s greenhouse gases and will be affected badly by climate change, the Bush administration has shown no interest in doing anything about the problem. That undermines our stature and causes an unnecessary rift with our allies that could come back to haunt us as we seek global support in the war against terrorism. Victory in this war depends upon partnerships—in intelligence, law enforcement, asset seizure, and a range of other operations. There is a better way: a market-friendly system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that I have introduced with Republican Sen. John McCain of Arizona.
The most powerful nation in the world cannot oscillate between sulking and shouting. The United States must speak with a clear and consistent voice and lead all nations to face major global challenges together. The U.S. government has paid dearly for pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol and rejecting the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Although each of these agreements was flawed, each became more so when the United States moved to the sidelines. Helping shape credible international institutions is not a sign of weakness; it is a sign of confidence in U.S. strength and ideals. By disengaging, President Bush has often marginalized U.S. policies, interests, and values.
In his April 1917 address to Congress asking for a declaration of war, President Woodrow Wilson said, “we shall fight for those things which we have always carried nearest our hearts, for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments.”
As we reflect on the last century, we must see that only by preparing to fight for the things we carry nearest our hearts—the power of our ideals—did we make it an American century. And only by putting our muscle behind our morality will we make this new century as full of progress for the United States and the world.