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Map of Europe |
Volume II, Number 2, June 2003
Taking Stock of the Consortium by Peter Foot (PDF, 3 pages, 252.2 KB)
My task in this introductory essay is to remind ourselves what the Partnership for Peace Consortium has become and, by doing so, to give those new to our activities a view of what we are. The point here is not to defend the Consortium, but rather to show what the Consortium does to add value. After all, the EAPC is full of military academies; and, as for research institutes, it just takes a web address, a phone number, letterhead, and, of course that guarantee of wealth and immortality an expensively designed logo. Does the Consortium pass the So what? test? What is the value added of the Consortium to the security community of the EAPC? What makes it precious and worth our while?
Regional Integration Through the Balkan Stability Pact by Frederic Labarre (PDF, 15 pages, 343.6 KB)
This paper attempts to argue that the current structure of relations in South Eastern Europe (SEE), and in the Balkans in particular, requires increased levels of regional or local integration before any membership in greater bodies (like the European Union) can be considered. To demonstrate this, I will require a more specific definition of just what is meant by integration. The end of the Cold War has articulated the proposition that the amenities of the West can be extended to former communist societies in the wake of their transition to a market economy. Implicitly, this means that there will be material rewards for the majority (although these may be reaped in a relatively distant future) of peoples and countries hoping (sometimes expecting) to one day be members of the EU. During the twelve or so years that we have been living in the post-Cold War world, the necessities of reform and membership in a body such as the EU have been so pressing as to make these two concepts identical. In other words, it seems that integration is only seen in its legal or geopolitical sense, and its definition is limited to the goal of EU membership.
Free Movement of People, Goods, Services, and Capital in the Context of the Balkan Stability Pact by Mladen Stanicic (PDF, 17 pages, 354.9 KB)
The Balkan Stability Pact is a strategic concept whose aim is to foster long-term peace and stability in South Eastern Europe. It is becoming an indispensable element of the global security structure that is currently being constructed in relations between the large powers the U.S., Russia, and China with the active participation of the United Nations, the European Union, international financial institutions, and individual countries. As one of the sponsors of the Pact, the European Union is keenly interested in stability and peace among its next-door neighbors, some of whom are covered by the pending Eastern enlargement of the EU. This enlargement is intended to transcend centuries of civilizational and religious division in Europe, which have been the causes of many political and armed conflicts in the past. The vision of Europe in the twenty-first century, reaching all the way to the borders of the former Soviet Union, is that of a multicultural community encompassing states with diverse religious, ethnic, and cultural characteristics.
The Current Security Situation in Serbia: Challenges Following the Assassination of Prime Minister Djindjic by Ivan Djordjevic (PDF, 5 pages, 262.6 KB)
As many are well aware, the situation in Serbia in recent months has been marred by the tragic murder of the Prime Minister, Zoran Djindjic. I will be direct the shot fired at Dr. Djindjic was at the same time aimed at the young democracy of Serbia.
The Solution of the Albanian Question as a Precondition for Fruitful Cooperation in the Balkans by Enver Hasani (PDF, 5 pages, 274.9 KB)
The Balkan Stability Pact, formulated in 1999 for the reconstruction of the Balkan region, was launched in the wake of the conflict in Kosovo Paradoxically, however, Kosovo has so far benefited the least from it. Only very recently has Kosovo managed to have its own representative participate in the pact. This is a sign that the same mistakes are being made now vis-a-vis Kosovo as in the past, namely a tendency to view the region as a bogus or maverick part of far South Eastern Europe.
Contextualizing Criminality and Security in South Eastern Europe by Henriette Riegler (PDF, 3 pages, 254.5 KB)
The heterogeneity of South Eastern Europe (SEE) is an unavoidable fact. If one looks at the national level of the various states in the region as well as at their individual pace of transformation, it is very difficult to present a coherent regional South Eastern European perspective at all. This is the case in several aspects, but particularly in that of criminality and other security issues. This does not mean, however, that we do not see criminal activities organized on a transnational European and international level. On the contrary: organized crime does indeed function exactly this way, but we should delve deeper into national characteristics and look at whether and how politics and crime have joined ranks on the level of the nation-state. I take this to be the prevalent danger in SEE because of weak political, societal, and economic institutions and the lack of public trust in them.
Security Sector Reform as a Contribution to Crime Prevention in South Eastern Europe by Istvan Gyarmati (PDF, 6 pages, 264.5 KB)
The radical changes in the world order over the past several years make the issue of dealing with organized crime both more important and at the same time so much more difficult. All that is happening against this background is tied to the events of September 11, just like the emergence of the previous world order was tied to the Treaty of Westphalia, which is basically a good tool to illustrate what these changes really were. Organized crime is all too well suited to these changes, unfortunately, and we cannot deal with it without addressing the changes in general.
Organized Crime in Albania: An Unconventional Security Threat by Eno Trimcev (PDF, 8 pages, 293.3 KB)
The end of the Cold War brought about a period of insecurity throughout South Eastern Europe (SEE). The quick and unexpected collapse of communist regimes brought to the surface a long list of new challenges that the societies of South Eastern Europe were ill equipped to deal with. Poverty, the absence of the rule of law, weak judicial systems and, in some places, open warfare and the collapse of community ties opened up plenty of opportunities for the growth and consolidation of organized crime. This essay will look at organized crime in Albania, one of the crucial links in a chain of Balkan states that are having a difficult time coping with the problem. However, it is not directly concerned with evidence of or reasons for the existence of organized crime in Albania. Rather, it will investigate the organized crime phenomenon from a security perspective.
Change in the Era of Globalization: Implications for Education and Training in Civil and Military Systems by Grazia Scoppio (PDF, 10 pages, 312.0 KB)
Globalization is often defined in terms of the merging of economies, global markets, and border-free trading. However, globalization is not a phase or a phenomenon limited to the economic sector it is a process that touches on many other spheres of activity. In this article, I will first decline the different aspects of globalization. Regardless of one's stand towards globalization, it seems clear that it is an inevitable and unstoppable process, one which has changed the concept of nation, the make-up of societies, and which affects people's identities, lives, and work. I will then define military education and training, and provide a brief overview of some of the new challenges facing military systems internationally. In addition, I will explore the implications for the Canadian education and training systems, both civil and military. Formal and informal education, professional development, training, and retraining can be considered key factors in enabling individuals to meet the challenges of a constantly changing 'global village.'
Spreading the Gospel of Lessons Learned: From the PfP Lessons Learned Working Group to Advanced Distributed Learning by Scott W. Lackey (PDF, 12 pages, 293.9 KB)
In December 1999, the United States Army Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) approached the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes to establish a Lessons Learned Working Group. The need for such a working group was clear. Within the context of the United States Army, through the institution of CALL, lessons learned had grown to encompass a significant body of institutional knowledge, knowledge that contributed significantly to the operational, organizational, and intellectual effectiveness of the Army on a daily basis.
Democratic Transition Theory Meets the ‘English School’ by Cornelia Navari (PDF, 19 pages, 349.3 KB)
According to the canon of the 'English School' of international relations theory, international society took shape sometime between 1648 and 1713. Its defining characteristic is the appearance, and acceptance, of the centralized authority of the modern state, a state that would henceforth exist within an order of other similarly constituted states. This order is often represented in terms of what it was not. It was not a feudal regnum with a multiplicity of functionally distinct authorities. It was not a theocratic imperium where one power aimed at the control and protection of Christendom. It was not even (despite some occasional flirtation with the analogy) a primitive tribe, held together by common culture and a common stock of gods. It was a society of sovereigns, of de jure equals, each of whom recognized the others' right to exist, and whose common ideological quantum was low.
European Union Civilian Policing: Foreign Policy Action or Internal Security Tool? by Yann Poincignon (PDF, 20 pages, 369.4 KB)
The deployment of the European Union Police Mission (EUPM) to take over for the United Nations-led International Police Task Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina as of 1 January 2003 is bringing EU police participation in peace operations into the limelight. As the first held deployment ordered under the new European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP), which was declared operational only a year ago at the Laeken European Council, it indeed attracts much attention.