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There is an ever-growing body of literature in law and political science on the illusive concept of Europeanization. A lot of the discussion in the literature attempts to define Europeanization and, on the basis of such a definition, to elaborate on the content of the concept. Donatella della Porta and Manuela Caiani, who both work in political science departments, contribute to this discussion by combining insights from the existing body of literature with new empirical findings in order to demonstrate the relevance of the European Union to social movements. The authors situate the discussion surrounding the involvement of social movements in the process of Europeanization within the aftermath of the failed referenda on the European Constitution in France and the Netherlands in 2005 in order to illustrate the contribution of social movements to the debates on European integration. The authors refer to the literature in the area of social movement studies.1 However, they also go beyond the field and combine insights from the literature on Europeanization with empirical research in order to address the involvement of social movements in the process of Europeanization. An example of such involvement is the European-wide campaign against the so-called ‘Bolkestein’ Directive in which social movements actively participated. Social movements, in this context, are defined as ‘dense informal networks of collective actors involved in conflictual relations with clearly identified opponents, who share a distinct collective identity, using mainly protests as their modus operandi’.2 The introductory chapter of the book neatly summarizes and clarifies the broader academic debate on the nature of Europeanization. By looking at works by inter alia Risse, Green Cowles and Caporaso,3 Borzel and Risse,4 and Radaelli,5 the authors conclude that ‘Europeanization involves a complex process of transcending internal boundaries, as well as constructing new boundaries against the outside’ (at 10). Europeanization is, therefore, ‘the product of the interaction of various actors’ (at 11). This suggests that Europeanization adds a layer of complexity to the sphere within which social movements act. Social movements can influence the European process of decision-making ‘from below’ by, for example, organizing protests at the national level with a view to influencing decisions at the European level. The additional layer of complexity which results from the European influence can offer social movements different outlets to voice their concerns. However, in order to benefit from such outlets, social movements must adapt their structures and actions to take account of the different levels of decision-making. In addition, the authors suggest that greater involvement of social movements at the European level could enhance the transparency and public accountability of European governance. In order to clarify the complex picture of social movement involvement in Europeanization, the authors use triangulated sources and methods: ‘claim analysis, based upon the mass-media coverage of Europe; semi-structured interviews with representatives of different collective actors; and surveys of demonstrators at protest events addressing the EU’ (at 27). The data used cover supranational actors at the EU level and national actors in Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland. By studying empirical data on social movements from a number of different countries against the background of the concept of Europeanization this book is not only interesting for academics, but may also be helpful for social movements in shedding light on how they could use the process of Europeanization for their benefit. An added advantage of examining the data of multiple countries is that they illustrate a whole range of opportunities that social movements may be able to exploit. Following the introduction, the next two chapters of the book systematically break down the involvement of social movements in the process of Europeanization with a view to clarifying ‘the ways in which both “domesticated” and “externalized” protests carry the potential to generate European social movements – leading to social mobilization and a nascent public sphere – which, in turn holds the potential to increase the EU's democratic quality’ (at 34).6 These two chapters begin with practical examples which illustrate the meaning of domestication and externalization of social movement protest. Thus, the campaign of Italian dairy farmers against fines imposed for the violation of EU milk quotas in 1997 is used to introduce the concept of domesticated protest, and the European-wide campaign against the so-called ‘Bolkestein’ Directive illustrates the externalization of social movement protest. The use of practical examples helps to elucidate the subsequent discussion in each of the two chapters on the influence of Europeanization on social movements. A final chapter before the conclusion focuses on the supranational level by examining the emergence of Europe-wide social movements. The authors draw interesting conclusions from their research. The empirical data point towards a ‘slowly emerging Europeanization from below, which predominantly takes the path of “domestication” … Domestication might be seen as proof of the persistent relevance of the nation-state as the target for protest, as well as the permanent weakness of the EU institutions’ (at 81). The main focus of social movement action seems to remain predominantly the national level. Protests still largely centre on national issues and occur within a particular nation-state. This finding, whilst interesting, is not necessarily surprising. Social movements such as trade unions (which are frequently cited in this book) have been operating at a national level for a very long time and have established functioning structures and mechanisms to make their voices heard. The increasing relevance of the European level through the process of Europeanization requires these national actors to reorientate their policies and modes of action – a process which is obviously difficult for any institution. In the case of trade unions, the increasing influence of the European level comes at a time when they are already struggling to adapt to changing regulatory and opportunity structures at a national level. An inability to adapt to the effects of Europeanization could therefore further weaken trade unions at the national level. What is particularly heartening is that the authors, in their chapter on the ‘Externalization of Protest’, find ‘clear signs of an adaptation to multilevel governance, especially in terms of a growing targeting of EU institutions, framing issues as EU-related, and transnational networking of domestic organizations’ (at 125). The increasing transnationalization of social movements is also confirmed in the final chapter, where the authors examine the supranational level. The authors conclude that there is increasing evidence pointing towards the emergence of an innovative, transnational European social movement. Obviously, the scope for social movements to act at the European level is more limited than at the national level. In particular, there is less scope for direct mobilization of protest. Nonetheless, use of the European level and the European institutions could support and strengthen action taken at the national level. A successful Europeanization could therefore help social movements to achieve their aims. Overall, this book offers a very clear and succinct analysis of the relationship between the process of Europeanization and social movements. As the influence of the European Union on the national level grows, social movements are beginning to Europeanize their structures in order to target EU institutions. The increasing competences of the EU thus lead to a growing recognition on the part of social movements of similarities of national causes and the usefulness of targeting EU institutions in order to achieve these causes. While ‘the closure of political opportunities at the EU level … [and] the material costs of mobilizing transnationally … can all contribute to low levels of protest organized in Brussels or by European social movement organizations’, there are signs that ‘paths of Europeanization of social movements do exist and are indeed increasingly visible’ (at 169). In their conclusions, the authors call for future research to examine the potential role of civil society in a supranational democracy following European enlargement, taking into account trends in Eastern Europe. The clarity of the analysis makes the book accessible to those who are not experts in the field. The book demonstrates that social movements have very diverse attitudes to Europe, and it would be especially interesting if the attitudes of specific movements or particular strategies were to be examined in more detail in a comparative manner. In addition, suggestions could be made as to how social movements could act at the European level more effectively. Such suggestions are, however, beyond the scope of this book. From a legal perspective the findings of the book raise interesting questions about the extent to which social movements use law in achieving their aims both at the national and the European level. Particularly following the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, social movements have access to multiple legal strategies in order to make their voice heard at a European level. By way of example, the Treaty's emphasis on dialogue with civil society opens up new ways for social movements to become involved in EU policy-making. Specifically, the citizens’ initiative enables individuals and social movements to lobby the European Commission to initiate legislation on a specific measure. Moreover, increased and easier access to the European Court of Justice enables social movements to bring actions challenging European acts. All acts of the European Union must comply with the principles enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Lisbon Treaty. Any act that does not is open to challenge before the European Court of Justice. Arguments brought by social movements before the European Court of Justice will benefit from being based upon provisions of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. These legal options available to social movements are not dealt with extensively in the book under review. However, it would be interesting to examine to what extent social movements use, for example, the newly created citizens’ initiative or the increased and easier access to the European Court of Justice in their attempts to europeanize. Social Movements and Europeanization provides a firm platform from which such future research projects can be launched. Footnotes ↵1 They refer to works by inter alia C. Tilly (From Mobilization and Revolution, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1987; Social Movements, 1768–2004, Paradigm, Boulder, CO, 2004), S. Tarrow (Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics, CUP, New York, 1994), H. Kriesi et al. (New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1995), and D. della Porta and D. Rucht (‘Left Libertarian Movements in Context: Comparing Italy and West Germany, 1965–1990’ in J. Craig Jenkins and B. Klandermans (eds.), The Politics of Social Protest, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1995). ↵2 At p. 6. The definition is borrowed from D. della Porta and M. Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006. ↵3 T. Risse, M. Green Cowles and J. Caporaso (eds), Transforming Europe: Europeanisation and Domestic Change, Cornell, Ithaca, NY, 2001. ↵4 T.A. Borzel and T. Risse, ‘When Europe Hits Home: Europeanization and Domestic Change’ (2000) European Integration Online Papers 4/15. ↵5 C. Radaelli, ‘Whither Europeanisation? Concept Stretching and Substantive Change’ (2000) European Integration Online Papers 4/8. ↵6 ‘Domesticated’ protests are those protests that take place at a national level and are oriented to change decisions at the European level. ‘Externalized’ protests use the European level as an arena for mobilization with a view to modifying national policies.