The Russian Election Compendium

RUSSIAN ELECTION WATCH
January 26, 1996, No. 15

Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project
John F. Kennedy School of Government

To help track significant developments affecting Russian elections, the Strengthening Democratic Institutions Project offers a simplified summary of recent political events, including "betting charts." Individual's estimates of the likelihood of Russian election and their results are presented as numerical estimated probabilities not because anyone entertains illusions about precision, but to make the estimators state their bets as clearly as possible.

I. Results of Duma Election on December 17, 1995

(source: ITAR-TASS 12/26/95)

	Party List %	Party List Total	Single Member District Total	Total Seats in New Duma	Seats in 1993 Duma
Communists	22.31%	100	58	158	45
Our Home is Russia	9.89%	44	10	54	n/a
LDPR (Zhir.)	11.06%	50	1	51	64
Yabloko	6.93%	31	14	45	25
Agrarians	3.78%	0	20	20	55
Russia's Choice	3.9%	0	9	9	76
Power to the People (Ryzhkov)	2.1%	0	9	9	n/a
KRO (Lebed)	4.29%	0	5	5	n/a
Women of Russia	4.6%	0	3	3	23
S. Federov's Party	4.01%	0	1	1	n/a
Comm. Working for USSR	4.52%	0	3	3	n/a
Independent Candidates	n/a	n/a	77	77	65

I. Comments on Results of Elections

- COMMUNISTS: To no one's surprise, the Communists were the top vote-getters in the Duma election. However, the party's strong showing in the regions was unanticipated. Unlike the other parties, the CP-RF rejected a paid television campaign and instead concentrated on regional organization and mailings. The message promoted by the Communists promised better times for those in anguish. To their credit, the CP- RF identified key issues and mobilized their supporters - pensioners and those hurt by the economic transition - to go to the polls. At a press conference following the victory, party leader GENNADY ZYUGANOV claimed that with such support, "The government cannot continue with the old policies." He called for the resignation of key reform ministers, which subsequently occurred. He also promised an end to radical reform and to raise tariff rates, social spending, and state subsidies. (NYT 12/21, Financial Times (FT) 12/19,21)

- LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF RUSSIA: Prior to the election, VLADIMIR ZHIRINOVSKY's faction was all but written off by both Russian and Western pundits in favor of the more sophisticated nationalism of GENERAL ALEXANDER LEBED's KRO. However, LDPR proved its endurance by placing second on the party list voting. Most of the party's support is for Zhirinovsky alone. As in 1993, the party fared miserably in the district races, winning only one seat. Thus, the party is not well organized locally, but can run an effective centralized campaign. The sexy LDPR political commercials will be remembered long after the campaign. Party member MIKHAIL GUTSERIEV will serve as Deputy Duma Speaker. (various sources)

- OUR HOME OF RUSSIA (NDR): Nine out of ten voters cast their ballots against the governing party. Despite a slick campaign and efforts to recruit regional governors to support the government's party, NDR fared poorly in the regions, carrying only Moscow. Attempting to put a positive spin on the outcome, Prime Minister VICTOR CHERNOMYRDIN stated his party did well for only having seven months to prepare. The Communists, he claimed, had worked over 70 years for this election. (omri 12/29) In the new Duma, NDR campaign manager SERGEI BELAYEV, will lead the party faction. Six members from the party's federal list, including the prime minister and #2 actor/director NIKITA MIKHALKOV chose not to leave their current positions to join the Duma. The First Deputy Speaker will be NDR member ALEXANDER SHOKHIN. Chernomyrdin claims that Yabloko is the faction closest ideologically to NDR, but all factions have qualified individuals. (omri 12/28,29, 1/19)

- YABLOKO: GRIGORY YAVLINSKY'S Yabloko bloc is the only reform bloc to enter the Duma. Not only did the party do well in the list voting, but it also gained more regional representation than in 1993. The party is most ideologically similar to Our Home is Russia, but thus far has refused to cooperate with NDR in the new Duma. Instead, the party supported a Communist Duma speaker apparently in order to receive several key Duma committee chairmenships. Yabloko will keep the Budget and International Affairs committees. When some independently elected reformers sought to join the faction, party member VYACHESLAV IGRUNOV announced the bloc would consider additional members, but stressed it would not sacrifice party discipline. (Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/6)

- CONGRESS OF RUSSIAN COMMUNITIES (KRO): The biggest surprise of the election was the failure of KRO to clear the 5% hurdle and replace Zhirinovsky's LDPR as the leading nationalist party. Party co-leader GENERAL ALEXANDER LEBED, elected in Tula, was one of five KRO members elected from the regions. KRO was one the only voices claiming fraud in the election, but its accusations have not resonated. Many have offered explanations for KRO's poor showing. The New York Times claimed party leader YURI SKOKOV held Lebed back for fear of his own power being usurped. Skokov, on the other hand, says his party was late in organizing, had a poor regional structure, and was inefficient at distributing propaganda. Skokov refused to blame the party leadership for KRO's difficulties. (Washington Post 12/21, NYT 12/21, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/12)

- RUSSIA'S DEMOCRATIC CHOICE: YEGOR GAIDAR'S party failed to clear the 5% hurdle. Although it will have 9 representatives from the districts including human rights advocate SERGEI KOVALEV and former Duma Defense Committee Chairman SERGEI YUSHENKOV, Gaidar himself will not be in the parliament. In an interview in Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Gaidar said his party failed to clear the 5% hurdle because 2.5 million reform voters split their votes between 10 reform blocs. For this reason, Gaidar will not seek the presidency and advocates the reformers to coalesce around one candidate. He hopes his party can help Yabloko and Our Home is Russia reconcile. He warned that the Communists would not bring a new totalitarian regime because they were too entreched in the current system, but they would be able to deal a heavy blow to fragile democratic structures. (omri 12/21, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/5)

- COMMUNISTS-WORKING RUSSIA-FOR THE SOVIET UNION: VIKTOR ANPILOV'S unreformed Communist party won a surprising 4.52% of the list vote. Although not enough to gain entry into the Duma, the strong showing of a Stalinist party concerned many observers. Anpilov has given mixed signals on whether he will seek the presidency. Should he run, he will take voters away from CP-RF leader GENNADY ZYUGANOV. (various sources)

- ADDITIONAL BLOCS: In addition to the four parties that cleared the 5% hurdle, three more factions of independent deputies were registered during the first week of the new Duma. In order for a Duma faction to be registered it needs to have 35 members. The Agrarian faction, led by NIKOLAI KHARITONOV, registered with 35 members; Popular Power, led by former Soviet Prime Minister NIKOLAI RYZHKOV, has 37 members; and Russia's Regions led by RAZMAN ABDULATIPOV and ARTUR CHILINGAROV, has 42 deputies. The Agrarian faction and Popular Power are expected to vote with the Communists, while Russia's Regions will be an independent centrist bloc. A group of independent reformers attempted to organize a bloc, but could not accumulate 35 deputies. (omri 1/5,1/17, Obshchaya Gazeta 1/11-17, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/6, 1/10)

- BALANCE OF POWER IN NEW DUMA: Adding up the ideologically similar groups in the new Duma, the Communists/left will have 221, the reformers 59, the government 55, the nationalists 51, and the centrists 42 (all numbers approximate). In the 1993 Duma, reformers had 143, centrists had 103, Communists had 100, and nationalists 88. If one adds the opposition (Communist/left-nationalists) deputies together they have increased from 188 in 1993 to 272 in 1996.

II. Related Election Issues

- PROFILE OF DEPUTIES: The Duma has 157 former deputies and 15 former members of the Federation Council. There are 46 women, down from 58 in 1993. 29% of the Duma deputies are from Moscow. The average age of a Duma deputy is 47. 219 have previous legislative experience; 52 have executive branch experience. 154 come from branches of industry, while 30 were activists in social organizations, and 29 were artisans. (omri 1/17)

- VOTER TURNOUT: A high voter turnout surprised most experts. Approximately 65 million voters voted in the parliamentary elections, nearly two-thirds of the 107 million registered electorate. (This far surpassed American turnouts which were 54% in the 1992 presidential elections and 38.7% in the 1994 Congressional elections.) Voters often had to wait for hours sometimes in blizzard conditions to vote. (various sources)

- WERE THE ELECTIONS FREE AND FAIR? Consensus judgement of Russian and international observers found the elections free and fair. The OSCE sent 114 observers who noted only isolated, minor violations of open and proxy voting. Only KRO and Derzhava (ALEXANDER RUTSKOI'S party) alleged fraud, while others likely to get into parliament, such as Russia's Democratic Choice and Women of Russia, accepted the results. Although voting was fair, the electoral process had some questionable practices. Massive signature fraud is widely assumed to have taken place during the registration process. The murky world of party and campaign finance was so fraudulent that no one addressed the issue when discussing the fairness of elections. Finally, the vote counting process was slow, prompting some parties to allege tampering. In general, however, observers declared these elections more honest than the 1993 elections. (Washington Post 12/21, Boston Globe 12/22, OSCE Press Release 12/18)

- RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT REACTION TO PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS: Immediately following the elections, Russian President YELTSIN stated, "We have no reason for concern or to regard this election as a tragedy...The majority of the new Duma consists of parties that will follow the policy of democratization and observance of human rights and personal freedoms that Russian has started and will not give up." Both he and Prime Minister CHERNOMYRDIN promised no changes in cabinet personnel or policies, but in the ensuing month, three key reformers were forced out: Foreign Minister ANDREI KOZYREV, Chief of Staff SERGEI FILATOV, and First Deputy Prime Minister for the Economy ANATOLY CHUBAIS. Yeltsin has also embarked on a harder line in the Chechnya crisis incorporating more nationalist stances in his response. (FT 12/21, omri 1/2, various news sources)

- US GOVERNMENT REACTION TO PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS: State Department spokesman NICK BURNS stated, "There's a sense of calm and perspective about these elections." The Communists gains equal Zhirinovsky's loss, so there is no real change in the opposition size. A third of the Duma approve of reform; a third disapprove; and the remainder are in the middle. (note: Opposition [nationalist and Communist] numbers actually increased in the Duma from 188 to around 272.) In downplaying the results of the election, the US government sought to minimize the extent to which the outcome reputiated current policies and would prevent US-Russia policy from moving forward. In doing so, however, the government risks misleading itself. (NYT 12/19)

- COMMUNISTS GAIN SPEAKERSHIP OF NEW DUMA: GENNADY SELEZNEV was elected Speaker of the Duma on January 18 with the backing of the Communists, Agrarians, and People's Power blocs. SELEZNEV, 48, is a former editor of Pravda, and served as Deputy Speaker in the previous Duma. He is considered a member of the moderate wing of the CP-RF, however his selection has caused some controversy. Izvestiya claimed the new speaker would not be an independent voice, but a mouthpiece for the CP-RF. Indeed, he refused to follow the informal tradition of resigning from the party upon assuming the speakership. SELEZNEV claimed his first order of business will be to address the 500 pieces of legislation left from the last Duma. (omri 1/18,19, NYT 1/19, Izvestiya 1/19)

The Deputy Speakers will be ALEXANDER SHOKHIN (First Deputy Speaker- NDR), SVETLANA GORYACHEVA (CP-RF), MIKHAIL GUTSERIEV (LDPR), ARTUR CHILINGAROV (RUSSIA'S REGIONS), and SERGEI BABURIN (PEOPLE'S POWER). (omri 1/19)

III. Estimated Probabilities of Presidential Elections in June

A. Individual	Likelihood	Change From Last Week
Graham Allison	50%
Sergei Grigoriev	60%	+10%
John Lloyd
Matthew Lantz	55%	+10%
B. Events Affecting Likelihood of Elections in June

- YELTSIN HEALTH WATCH: YELTSIN was discharged from the sanitorium on December 17; he returned to work on December 27. The recovering president claimed he would not overly exert himself, but he did travel to France for the Mitterand funeral and has had a heavy hand in the Chechen hostage crisis this month. (FT 12/17)

- ELECTION PRELIMINARIES: The deadline for registration with the Central Election Commission is April 15. A candidate must submit their tax returns for the two years prior to the election along with one million signatures with no more than 70,000 from any one region. The election is scheduled for June 16. If no candidate gets more than 50% of the vote, then a second round will occur with the two candidates that received the most votes in the first round. (omri 1/3)

- PRECEDENCE: The successful conduct of the December parliamentary elections will increase pressure to hold the June 16 presidential elections. Most victorious parties have already begun preparations for a presidential campaign by organizing workers and nominating candidates. The elections of December 1995 proves that Russia is capable of conducting successful elections. The Financial Times editorialized the successfully completed election "is another step on the path to normalcy." (FT 12/19)

IV. If June Presidential Elections, What Outcome?

A. Individuals Estimates
% chance of winning the presidency
Graham Allison		Matthew Lantz		Sergei Grigoriev		Moscow Times Oddsmakers
Yeltsin	22%	Zyuganov	33%	Yeltsin	30%	Yeltsin	40%
Yavlinsky	20%	Yeltsin	30%	Chernomyrdin	30%	Chernomyrdin	33%
Zyuganov	15%	Chernomyrdin2	5%	Zyuganov	25%	Zyuganov	29%
Lebed	10%	Yavlinsky	15%	Lebed	25%	Yavlinsky	20%
Chernomyrdin	10%	Zhirinovsky	15%	Yavlinsky	15%	Lebed	13%
Zhirinovsky	5%	Lebed	12%	Zhininovsky	10%	No Election	13%
						Zhirinovsky	10%
						Dark Horse	6%
B. Recent Events Affecting Outcome of Presidential Elections

- THE COMMUNISTS DEBATE WHO TO NOMINATE FOR PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE: Although Communist Party leader GENNADY ZYUGANOV certainly remains the most likely candidate, others within the party also are seeking the nomination. AMAN TULEEV, number three on the party list, and governor of Kemerovo, VIKTOR ANPILOV, leader of the Stalinist Communists - Working Russia - for the Soviet Union which gained 4.52% of the list vote in December, and PETR ROMANOV, a popular factory director from Krasnoyarsk all are forming organizing committees. People's Power leader NIKOLAI RYZHKOV does not intend to run unless a groundswell of popular backing emerges in support of his candidacy. Sevodnya predicts that more than one Communist candidate will run in the first round of the election. (omri 12/29, 1/4, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/10, Sevodnya 1/18)

- YELTSIN BEGINS TO ORGANIZE FOR PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN: President YELTSIN has promised to announce his decision on a presidential reelection campaign in February, however, he has begun to organize a campaign headquarters, prompting speculation that he will seek reelection. First Deputy Prime Minister OLEG SOSKOVETS will run the office with recently dismissed Chief of Staff SERGEI FILATOV and Moscow mayor YURI LUZHKOV as his deputies. Soskovets is expected to appeal to industrial interests; Filatov will attract intellegensia and liberal support; and Luzhkov will deliver Moscow. Assessing the Our Home Campaign in December, Soskovets called it "weak and (we) must learn from their mistakes in the presidential campaign." One Moscow newspaper speculated that Yeltsin was waiting until February to assess the strength and aptitude of NDR in the parliament, to keep CHERNOMYRDIN out of the running, and to make it easier to postpone the elections if needed. (FT 12/23, omri 12/26, 1/6, 1/22, Moskovsky Novosti 1/1-14)

- DEFECTIONS IN REFORMIST CAMP FROM YELTSIN'S SIDE: Following the dismissals of key reform-oriented aides, ANDREI KOZYREV, SERGEI FILATOV, and ANATOLY CHUBAIS and the recent events in Pervomaiskoye have led other reformers to voluntarily abandon the Russian president. Duma member and moral leader SERGEI KOVALEV announced his resignation as chairman of Russia's Human Rights Commission and as a member of YELTSIN's advisory council. Former Prime Minister YEGOR GAIDAR and inflential Izvestiya columnist OTTO LATSIS, often a voice of the democracy movement, also resigned from the advisory council. (Boston Globe 1/24)

- ZHIRINOVSKY IS NOMINATED BY LDPR FOR PRESIDENT: Trying to capitalize on his strong showing in the Duma elections, LDPR party leader VLADIMIR ZHIRINOVSKY has accepted the nomination of his party for president. At the party congress, Zhirinovsky recommended that Yeltsin should napalm Chechen villages and warned if Yeltsin failed to do this, Zhirinovsky as president would. He then fell to his knees to apologize for allowing the Russian people to become "the most humiliated nation on the planet." Prior to the congress, Zhirinovsky stated, "I fear that (Yeltsin's) announcement in February will be about his regular vacation or his regular course of treatment...for this reason only ZYUGANOV and Zhirinovsky will remain as serious presidential candidates." (FT 1/11, NYT 12/20)

- LEBED STILL IN RACE, DESPITE DECEMBER SET BACK: As early as December 28, GENERAL ALEXANDER LEBED announced he would seek Russia's presidency. At the time he offered to work with the victorious Communist Party, however, the CP-RF has been slow to respond to the General's offer. In early January, KRO officially nominated Lebed as their presidential candidate. Nevertheless, without a party in the Duma, Lebed will have difficulty establishing a large political base. Within the Duma, Lebed has called for a new National Security Committee with subcommittees on defense, intelligence, geo-politics, miliary-industrial issues, nationalities, and regions. He also threatened to use force against any former Soviet republic that joined Nato. As for the economy, LEBED seeks Russia's own way of development, not the stagnation of advanced socialism nor the degradation of advanced capitalism. (omri 12/29,1/12, NYT 12/29, Nezavisimaya Gazeta 1/13, Obshchaya Gazeta 1/11-17, Monitor 1/16)

V. Polling Results For Elections

A. Presidential Polls:

- The Public Opinion Fund released a poll cited in Moskovsky Novosti in its January 14- 21 issue.

1. "If the (presidential) election were next Sunday, which of the listed politicians would you vote for?"

Lebed	14.9%
Zyuganov	14.2%
Yavlinsky	13.6%
Chernomyrdin	12.5%

2. "If those reaching the final round were _______ and ________, who will you vote for?

Candidates	Results				Turnout
Zyuganov & Lebed:	Zyg.	42.1%	Lebed	57.9%	49%
Lebed & Yavlinsky	Lebed	47.25%	Yavlinsky	52.75%	49%
Lebed & Chernomyrdin	Lebed	65.4%	Cherno	34.6%	52.8%
Zyuganov & Yavlinsky	Zyg	42.5%	Yavlinsky	54.5%	51%
Chernomyrdin & Yavlinsky	Cherno	39.1%	Yavlinsky	60.9	44.3%

- The Indedpendent Analytical Center released a poll of St. Petersburg residents cited in Nezavisimaya Gazeta on January 12:

" Whom would the people of St. Petersburg like to hear a New Year's greeting from?"

1. Yeltsin	31.1%
2. Yavlinsky	25.3%
3. Gaidar	15.4%
4. Chernomyrdin	14.3%
5. Zyuganov	7.9%
6. S. Fedorov	5.8%
7. Zhirinovsky	3.5%
8. Sobchak	3.3%
9. Lebed	2.7%
10. Gorbachev	2.6%

- Russia Review (Moscow Times) reported on 1/15 the odds at local Moscow betting houses on the next Russian president.

Yeltsin	5-2	(40%)
Chernomyrdin	3-1	(33%)
Zyuganov	7-2	(29%)
Yavlinsky	8-1	(13%)
No Election	8-1	(13%)
Zhirinovsky	10-1	(10%)
Gaidar	15-1	( 6%)
Dark Horse	15-1	( 6%)
Rybkin	25-1	( 4%)

- The All Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion releases a poll on the likely presidential candidates cited in The Boston Globe on 12/21:

Zhirinovsky	6%
Zyuganov	6%
Yeltsin	2%
Undecided	48%

B. Other Polls:

- The All Russia Center for the Study of Public Opinion released a poll on the popularity of ideological slogans reproted in Obshchaya Gazeta in its Jan. 18-24 issue:

1. Law and Order	20.2%
2. Stability	16.0%
3. Decent Living	9.9%
4. Strong Country	7.4%
5. Revival of Russia	7.2%
6. Wealth, Prosperity	5.7%
7. Equality, Justice	5.1%
8. Social Security	4.0%
9. Durable Family	2.1%
10. Freedom	1.9%
11. Saving the Fatherland	1.9%
12. Communism	1.3%
13. Entering Modern World	1.2%
14. Orthodoxy	1.1%
15. Hard to Say	14.7%

Responses varied by regions: rural dwellers preferred "strong country"; individuals in small towns sought "prosperity"; those in large cities wanted "social security"; and Muscovites valued "freedom" highest.

- OMRI reported on 1/5 Nezavisimaya Gazeta's top 100 most influential politicians:

1. Yeltsin	(unchanged)
2. Chernomyrdin	(unchanged)
3. Zyuganov	(up from 5th)
4. Yavlinsky	(up from 9th)
6. Zhirinovsky	(up from 20)
17. Lebed	(down from 10)
36. Skokov	(down from 13)