Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance Making

Laurie A. Brand

New York     Chichester, West Sussex

Columbia University Press

1994

References

Periodicals

Annual Report of the Federation of Jordanian Chambers of Commerce (in Arabic)

Al-Dustur

FBIS

Jordan Times

Middle East Contemporary Survey

Middle East Economic Digest

Middle East Economic Survey

Middle East Journal

Middle East International

Middle East Report

Quarterly Economic Report, Economist Intelligence Unit

Al-Ra'i

Statistical Yearbook, Department of Statistics, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Yearly Statistical Series, Central Bank of Jordan

Articles

Altfeld, Michael F. "The Decision to Ally: A Theory and a Test." Western Political Quarterly, 37 (4) (December 1984): 523-544.

Armstrong, Adrienne. "The Political Consequences of Economic Dependence."Journal of Conflict Resolution 25 (3) (September 1981): 401-428.

Ayoob, Mohammed. "The Security Problematic of the Third World." World Politics 43 (2) (January 1991): 258-283.

Baldwin, David A. "Foreign Aid, Intervention, and Influence." World Politics 21 (3) (April 1969): 425-447.

Baram, Amatzia. "Baathi Iraq and Hashemite Jordan: From Hostility to Alignment." Middle East Journal 45 (1) (Winter 1991): 51-70.

Barnett, Michael N. and Jack S. Levy. "Domestic Sources of Alliances and Alignments: the Case of Egypt, 1962-73." International Organization 45 (3) (Summer 1991): 369-395.

Bienen, Henry S. and Mark Gersovitz, "Economic Stabilization, Conditionality, and Political Stability." International Organization, 39 (4) (Autumn 1985): 729-754.

Brand, Laurie A. "Liberalization and Changing Political Coalitions: The Bases of Jordan's 1990-91 Gulf Crisis Policy." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 13 (4) 1991: 1- 46.

--. "Economic and Political Development in a Rentier State: The Case of the Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan." in Iliya Harik and Denis Sullivan eds., Privatization and Liberalization in the Middle East (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992)

Brecher, Michael, Blema Steinberg and Janice Stein. "A Framework for Re-search on Foreign Policy Behavior." Journal of Conflict Resolution xiii (March 1969): 75-101.

Brecher, Michael. "The Middle East Subordinate system and its impact on Israel's foreign policy." International Studies Quarterly 13 (2) (1969): 117-139.

Caporaso, James. "Dependence, Dependency, and Power in the Global System: A Structural and Behavioral Analysis." International Organization, 32 (1) (1978): 13-43.

--. "Dependency Theory: Continuities and Discontinuities in Development Studies." International Organization 34 (4)(1980): 605-628

Chalala, Elie. "Syrian Policy in Lebanon, 1976-1984: Moderate Goals and Pragmatic Means." Journal of Arab Affairs, 4 (1) (spring 1985): 67- 88.

David, Steven R. "Explaining Third World Alignment." World Politics 43 (2) (January 1991): 233-256.

--. "Why the Third World Matters." International Security, 14 (1): 50-85.

Dawisha, Adeed I. "Internal Values and External Threats: The Making of Saudi Foreign Policy." Orbis 23 (1) (Spring 1979): 129-144.

Dolan, Michael B., Brian W. Tomlin, Maureen Appel Molot, and Harald VonRiekhoff. "Foreign Policies of African States in Asymmetrical Dyads." International Studies Quarterly 24 (3) (September 1980): 415-449.

Drysdale, Alistair. "Political Conflict and Jordanian Access to the Sea." The Geographical Review 77 (1) (January 1987): 86-102.

East, Maurice. "Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: At Test of Two Models." World Politics vol. 25 (1973): 556-576.

--. "Foreign Policy making in Small States: Some Theoretic Observations Based on A Study of the Uganda Ministry of Foreign Affairs." Policy Sciences 4 (1973): 491-508.

El-Mallakh, Ragae and Mihssen Kadhim. "Arab Institutionalized Development Aid" Middle East Journal 30 (4) (1976): 471-484.

Evron, Yair and Yaacov Bar Simatov. "Coalitions in the Arab World." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 1 (2) (Winter 1975): 71-107.

Farsoun, Samih K. "Oil, State, and Social Structure in the Middle East." Arab Studies Quarterly 10 (2) (Spring 1988): 155-175.

Garnham, David. "Explaining Midle Eastern Alignments During the Gulf War." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 13 (3) (1991): 63-83.

Garfinckle, Adam M. "Negotiating By Proxy: Jordanian Foreign Policy and U.S. Options in the Middle East." Orbis 24 (4) (Winter 1981): 847-880.

Gourevitch, Peter. "International Trade, Domestic Coalitions, and Liberty." Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 7 (2) (Autumn 1977): 281-313.

--. "The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics." 32 (4) (Autumn 1978): 881-912.

Green, Jerrold D. "Is Arab Politics Still Arab?" World Politics 38 (4) (July 1986): 611-625.

Ikenberry, G. John, David A. Lake, and Michael Mastanduno. "Introduction: Approaches to Explaining American Foreign Economic Policy." International Organization 42 (1) (Winter 1988): 1-14.

Jreisat, Jamil E. and Hanna Y. Freij, "Jordan, the United States, and the Gulf Crisis." Arab Studies Quarterly 13 (1&2) (Winter/Spring 1991): 101-116.

Kaplan, S. "United States Aid and Regime Maintenance in Jordan 1957-1973." Public Policy 23 (2) (1975): 189-218.

Keohane, Robert O. "Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics." International Organization 23 (Spring 1969): 291-310.

Kolodziej, Edward A. "Renaissance in Security Studies? Caveat Lector!" International Studies Quarterly (1992) 35: 421-438.

Korany, Bahgat. "Dependance financiere et comportement international." Revue Francaise de science politique xxviii (December 1978): 1067- 1092.

--. "The Take-Off of Third World Studies?: The Case of Foreign Policy." World Politics 35 (3) (April 1983): 465-487.

Krasner, Stephen. "State Power and the Structure of International Trade." World Politics vol. 28 (3) (1976): 317-347.

Lawson, Fred H. "Syrian Intervention in Lebanon: A Domestic Politics Explanation." International Organization 38 (3) (Summer 1984): 451-480.

Looney, Robert E. "Structural and Economic Change in the Arab Gulf After 1973." Middle Eastern Studies 26 (4) (October 1990): 514-535.

Luciani, Giacomo. "The Economic Content of Security." Journal of Public Policy 8 (2): 151-173.

Mathews, Jessica Tuchman. "Redefining Security." Foreign Affairs, 68 (2): 162-177.

Migdal, Joel. "Internal Structure and External Behavior: Explaining Foreign Policies of Third World States." International Relations 4 (May 1974): 510-525.

Mytelka, Lynn K. "The Salience of Gains in Third-World Integrative Systems." World Politics 25 (2) (January 1973): 236-250.

Moon, Bruce. "The Foreign Policy of the Dependent State" International Studies Quarterly, 27 (3) (September 1983): 315-340.

--. "Consensus or Compliance? Foreign Policy Change and External Dependence." International Organization, 39 (2) (Spring 1985): 297-329.

Nye, Joseph S. amd Sean M. Lynn-Jones. "International Security Studies: A Report of a Conference on the State of the Field." International Security 12 (4): 5-27.

Olson, Mancur and Richard Zeckhauser. "An Economic Theory of Alliances." Review of Economics and Statistics 48 no. 3 (1966): 266-279.

Putnam, Robert D. "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: the Logic of Two-Level Games." International Organization 42 (3) (Summer 1988): 427-460.

Richardson, Neil. "Oil and Middle Eastern Politics." 13 (3) (1991): 34-44.

Rothstein, Robert L. "The 'Security Dilemma' and the 'Poverty Trap' in the Third World." The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 8 (4) (1986): 1-38.

Sayigh, Yezid. "The Gulf Crisis: Why the Arab Regional Order Failed." International Affairs 76 (3) (July 1991): 487-508.

Skocpol, Theda. "Rentier States and Shi'a Islam in the Iranian Revolution." Theory and Society 11 (3) (May 1982): 265-284.

Snyder, Glenn. "The Security Dilemma in Alliance Politics." World Politics 36 (4) (July 1984): 461- 495.

--. "Alliances, Balance, and Stability." International Organization 45 (1) (Winter 1991): 121-142.

Stein, Janice Gross. "Deterrence and Compellence in the Gulf, 1990-91: A Failed or Impossible Task?" International Security 17 (2) (Fall 1992): 147-179.

Terrill, W. Andrew. "Saddam's Closet Ally: Jordan and the Gulf War." Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 9 (2) (Winter 1985): 43-54.

--. "Jordan and the Defense of the Gulf." Middle East Insight, 4 (1) (March/April 1985): 34-41.

Tessler, Mark. "Center and Periphery within Regional International Systems: The Case of the Arab World." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 11 (3) (1989): 74-89.

Tetreault, Mary Ann. "Autonomy, Necessity, and the Small State: RulingKuwait in the Twentieth Century." International Organization 45 (4) (Autumn 1991): 565-591.

Thompson, William R. "Delineating Regional Sub-systems: Visit Networks and the Middle Eastern Case." International Journal of Middle East Studies, 13 (1981): 213-235.

Turner, Louis and James Bedore. "The Trade Politics of Middle Eastern Industrialization." Foreign Affairs, 57 (2) (Winter 1978/79): 306-22.

Ullman, Richard H. "Redefining Security." International Security, 8 (1): 129-153.

Walt, Stephen M. "The Renaissance of Security Studies." International Studies Quarterly, 35 (2): 211-239.

Weinstein, Franklin. "The Uses of Foreign Policy in Indonesia." World Politics 24 (3) (April 1972): 356-381.

Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, Virginia Lee Lussier, and Dale Tahtinen. " Conflict Interactions in the Middle East." Conflict Resolution, 16 (2): 135-154.

Books

Abu Jaber, Kamel, Matthes Buhbe, and Mohammad Smadi. Income Distribution in Jordan. Boulder: Westview, 1990.

Al-Ebraheem, Hassan Ali. Kuwait and the Gulf: Small States and the International System. Washington, D.C.: Center for Contemporary Arab Studies, Georgetown University, 1984.

Amman Chamber of Industry. Amman Chamber of Industry: Organization and Functions. Amman, 1991.

Assiri, Abdul-Reda. Kuwait's Foreign Policy: City State in World Politics. Boulder: Westview, 1990.

Badran, Adnan and Bichara Khader. The Economic Development of Jordan. London: Croom Helm, 1988.

Baldwin, David. Economic Statecraft. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.

Barnett, Michael L. Confronting the Costs of War: Military Power, State, and Society in Egypt and Israel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992.

Beblawi, Hazem and Giacomo Luciani. The Rentier State. New York: Croom Helm, 1987.

Binder, Leonard. The Ideological Revolution in the Middle East. New York: Krieger, 1979

Brand, Laurie A. Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988

Brown, L. Carl. International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Buzan, Barry. People States & Fear: An Agenda For International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1991.

Cantori, Louis and Steven Spiegel. The International Politics of Regions. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970.

Cordesman, Anthony. Jordanian Arms and the Middle East Balance. Washington, D.C.: Middle East Institute, 1983.

Dawisha, Adeed. Egypt in the Arab World: The Elements of Foreign Policy. New York: Wiley, 1976.

Day, Arthur. East Bank/West Bank: Jordan and the Prospects for Peace. New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1986.

Frieden, Jeffry A. Debt Development, and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America, 1965-1985. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 19**.

Garfinckle, Adam M. Israel and Jordan in the Shadow of War. New York: St. Martin's, 1991.

Helms, Christine Moss. Iraq: Eastern Flank of the Arab World. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1984.

Hermann, Charles F., Charles W. Kegley, Jr., and James N.Rosenau. New Directions in the Study of Foreign Policy. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1987.

Hinnebusch, Raymong A., Jr. Egyptian Politics Under Sadat. New York: Cambridge, 1985.

Hirschmann, Albert. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. University of California Press, 1945.

Holsti, K.J. Why Nations Realign. Boston: Allen & Unwin, 1982.

Hudson, Michael. Arab Politics: The Search for Legitimacy. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.

Job, Brian L., ed. The Insecurity Dilemma: National Security of Third World States. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1992.

Katzenstein, Peter. Small States in World Markets. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985.

Kerr, Malcolm. The Arab Cold War: Gamal Abd al-Nasir and His Rivals, 1958-1970. London: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Kienle, Eberhard. Ba'th vs. Ba'th: The Conflict Between Syria and Iraq 1968-1989. New York: I. B. Tauris & Co., 1990.

Konikoff, A. Transjordan: An Economic Survey. Jerusalem: Economic Research Institute for the Jewish Agency for Palestine, 1946.

Korany, Bahgat and Dessouki, Ali E. Hillal. The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Change, Second Edition. Boulder: Westview, 1991.

Korany, Bahgat, Paul Noble and Rex Brynen, eds. The Many Faces of National Security in the Arab World. New York: St. Martin's, 1993.

Lawson, Fred H. The Social Origins of Egyptian Expansionism During the Muhammad 'Ali Period. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.

Luciani, Giacomo, ed. The Arab State. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1990.

Ma'oz, Moshe and Avner Yaniv. Syria Under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks. New York: St. Martin's, 1986.

Marr, Phoebe. The Modern History of Iraq. Boulder: Westview, 1985.

Mutawi, Samir. Jordan and the 1967 War. New York: Cambridge, 1987.

Nelson, Joan M., ed. Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The Politics of Adjustment in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).

Niblock, Tim, ed. Iraq: The Contemporary State (London: Croom Helm, 1982).

Nonneman, Gerd. Development, Administration and Aid in the Middle East. New York: Routledge, 1988.

Petran, Tabitha. The Struggle Over Lebanon. New York: Monthly ReviewPress, 1987.

Quandt, William B. Saudi Arabia in the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security and Oil. Washington, D.C. Brookings, 1981.

--. The Middle East Ten Years After Camp David. Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1988.

Richardson, Neil. Foreign Policy and Economic Dependence. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978.

Rothstein, Robert. The Weak in the World of the Strong: Developing countries in the International System. New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.

Safran, Nadav. Saudi Arabia: The Ceaseless Quest for Security. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985.

Satloff, Robert. Troubles on the East Bank: Challenges to the Domestic Stability of Jordan (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown and Praeger, New York, 1986).

Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

Snyder, Jack. Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.

Starr, Joyce R. and Daniel C. Stoll, eds. The Politics of Scarcity: Water in the Middle East. Boulder: Westview with the Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1988.

Taylor, Alan. The Arab Balance of Power. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1982.

Thomas, Caroline. In Search of Security: The Third World in International Relations. Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1987.

Thomas, Caroline and Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu, eds. Conflict and Consensus in South/North Security. New York: Cambridge, 1989

Walt, Stephen M. The Origins of Alliances. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987

Waterbury, John. The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.

Wilson, Mary. King Abdallah, Britain and the Making of Jordan. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

Wilson, Rodney, ed. Politics and the Economy in Jordan. New York: Routledge, 1991.

Zysman, John. Governments, Markets, and Growth. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.

Arabic Sources

Abu Diyyah, Sa'd. 'Amiliyyat Ittikhadh al-Qarar f-il-Siyasah al-Kharijiyyah al-Urdunniyyah [The Foreign Policy Decision-Making Process in Jordan]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1989.

Ahmad, Ahmad Yusuf. al-Sira'at al-'Arabiyyah al-'Arabiyyah, 1945-1981 [Inter-Arab Conflicts, 1945-1981] Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1988.

Al-Nasrawi, 'Abbas et al. Al-Qita' al-'Amm w-al-Qita' al-Khass f-il-Watan al-'Arabi [The Public and Private Sectors in the Arab World]. Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, 1990.

Al-Sakit, Bassam. Tahlil al-Athar al-Iqtisadiyyah li-Ighlaq al-Hudud al-Suriyyah ma'a al-Urdunn. [Analysis of the Economic Effects of the Closing of the Syrian Border with Jordan]. (Unpublished study of the Central Bank of Jordan, no date.)

Amman Chamber of Commerce, Munjazat wa-Nashatat Ghurfat Tujarat 'Amman Khilal al-Fatrah 1983-1985 [Accomplishments and Activities of the Amman Chamber of Commerce During the Period 1983-1985]. Amman, 1986.

Arab Company for the Development of Animal Resources, The Consulting Unit for Economic and Technical Studies. Mu'awwaqat Tabadul wa-Insiyab al-Sila' alati Tantajuha al-Mashari' al-'Arabiyyah al-Mushtarikah bayna al-Duwal al-'Arabiyyah. [Obstacles to the Exchange and Flow of Commodities Produced by Arab Joint Projects in the Arab World.](n.p., 1987)

Arab Monetary Fund. Al-Tujarah al-Kharijiyyah l-il-Duwal al-'Arabiyyah, 1974-84 [The Foreign Trade of the Arab States, 1974-84]. Abu Dhabi: Bureau of Research and Statistics, 1986.

Arab Monetary Fund. "Tamwil al-Tujarah bayna al-Duwal al-'Arabiyyah w-al-Dawr Sanduq al-Naqd al-'Arabi fi Taqdim al-Tashilat al-I'timaniyyah li-Taysir wa-Tanshit al-Tabadul al-Tujari al-'Arabi." [Financing Inter-Arab Trade and the Role of the Arab Monetary Fund in Providing Credit to Facilitate and Energize Arab Commercial Exchange.]

General Secretariat of the Federation of Arab Chambers of Commerce, "Subul Tatwir al-Tujarah al-'Arabiyyah al-Bayniyyah." [Means of Developing Inter-Arab Trade.] An unpublished study presented to the Conference on Arab Trade, Riyadh, 7-8 February 1987.

General Secretariat, Council on Arab Economic Unity. "Al-Ab'ad al-Takamuliyyah li-Khitat al-Tanmiyah al-'Arabiyyah-al-Manafi' al-Mutabadilah w-al-Mashru'at al-Mushtarikah." [The Integrative Dimensions of the Arab Development Plans-Mutual Benefits and Joint Projects.] (n.p., n.d)

Hawrani, Hani. Azmat al-Iqtisad al-Urdunni [The Crisis of the Jordanian Economy]. Cyprus: T.H.O. Publishing Co., 1989.

Mas'ud, Majid. Ajhizat al-Takhtit f-il-Aqta' al-'Arabiyyah. [Planning in the Arab Regions]. Dar al-Shabab for the Arab Planning Institute, Kuwait, 1987.

Ministry of Industry and Trade, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Majmu'at al-Ittifaqiyyat al-Iqtisadiyyah w-al-Tujariyyah bayna al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah al-Hashimiyyah w-al-Duwal al-'Arabiyyah, [Compendium of Economic and Trade Agreements between the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Arab States, parts one and two.. Amman, 1985.

"Qanun al-Takhtit, no. 67 of 1971." [The Planning Law.] Photocopy.

Royal Scientific Society. 'Alaqat al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah al-Hashimiyyah bi-Dawlat al-Kuwait, 1978-1989. [The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan's Relations with the State of Kuwait] (Amman, 1990).(photocopy)

--. Al-'Alaqat al-Urdunniyyah li-Duwal Majlis al-Ta'awun al-'Arabi, 1974-89 [Jordan's Relations with the States of the Arab Cooperation Council]. Amman, 1990. (photocopy).

--.'Alaqat al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah al-Hashimiyyah b-il-Mamlakah al-'Arabiyyah al-Sa'udiyyah, 1978-89 [The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan's Relations with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]. Amman, 1990. (photocopy).

--.Al-'Alaqat al-Urdunniyyah b-il-Jumhuriyyah al-Suriyyah, 1978-89 [Jordan's Relations with the Syrian Republic]. Amman, 1990. (photocopy).

Syrian Arab News Agency and the Jordanian News Agency. Masirat al-Takamul bayna Suriya w-al-Urdunn: 'Ala Darb al-Wahdah [The March of Integration between Syria and Jordan: on the Road to Unity]. Damascus, 1977.

Unpublished Trade, Economic, and Planning Papers

"Al-Dawrah al-Khamisah l-il-Lajnah al-'Uliya al-Urdunniyyah al-Suriyyah al-Mushtarikah, Damascus, 6-7 August 1990." [The Fifth Round of the Joint Jordanian-Syrian Higher Committee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Al-Dawrah al-Sadisah l-il-Lajnah al-Iqtisadiyyah al-Sa'udiyyah al-Urdunniyyah al-Mushtarikah, Amman, 17-18 December 1986." [The Sixth Round of the Saudi-Jordanian Joint Economic Committee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Al-Dawrah al-Sabi'ah l-il-Lajnah al-Iqtisadiyyah al-Sa'udiyyah al-Urdunniyyah al-Mushtarikah, Riyadh, 7-8 February 1988." [The Seventh Round of the Saudi-Jordanian Joint Economic Committee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Al-Dawrah al-Thaminah l-il-Lajnah al-Iqtisadiyyah al-Sa'udiyyah al-Urdunniyyah al-Mushtarikah, Amman, 8-9 October 1989." [The Eighth Round of the Saudi-Jordanian Joint Economic Committee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Al-Istratijiyyah al-Iqtisadiyyah wa-Khitat al-Tanmiyah f-il-Mamlakah." [Economic Strategy and Development Plans in the Kingdom.] From the Ministry of Planning.

"Ittifaq l-il-Ta'awun al-Iqtisadi w-al-Tujarii w-al-Fanni bayna Hukumat al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah al-Hashimiyyah wa-Hukumat Jumhuriyyat Misr al-'Arabiyyah." Amman, 21 April 1975. [Economic, Commercial, and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the Egyptian Arab Republic.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Mahdar Mutabi'at Ijtima' al-Dawrah al-Tasi'ah l-il-Lajnah al-Mushtarikah al-Urdunniyyah-al-'Iraqiyyah, Baghdad, 13-14 November 1989." [Minutes of the Meeting of the Ninth Round of the Joint Jordanian-Iraqi Com mittee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Mahdar Ijtima'at al-Lajnah al-'Uliya al-Misriyyah al-Urdunniyyah al-Mushtarikah, Amman, 5-7 May." [Minutes of the Meetings of the Joint Egyptian-Jordanian Higher Committee.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Nabdhah 'an al-Tatawwur al-Tarikhi l-il-Jihaz al-Takhtiti." [A Pamphlet on the Historical Development of the Planning Apparatus.] From the Ministry of Planning.

"Qararat al-Lajnah al-'Uliya al-Misriyyah al-Urdunniyyah al-Mushtarikah fi-Dawratiha al-Thaminah, Amman, 29-31 July 1988." [Decisions of the Egyptian-Jordanian Higher Joint Council, in its Eigth Round.] From the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

"Al-Tajribah al-Takhtitiyyah f-il-Urdunn." [The Experience with Planning in Jordan.] From the Ministry of Planning.

Interviews

All of those interviewed are Jordanians. The government service noted is all with the Jordanian government.

Abu Hammud, Mansur. Commercial attach to the Jordanian Embassy in Cairo 1984-88. October 16, 1991.

Abu Hassan, Khaldun. President of the Amman Chamber of Industry. November 2, 1991.

Abu Jabir, Fayiz. Political Scientist. October 22, 1991.

Abu Mayzar Musa. Longtime employee at the Ministry of Planning. November 24, 1991.

'Anani, Jawad. Former Minister of Supply (1979-1980), former Minister of Labor (1980-84), and former Minister of Industry and Trade (1984-85). November 4, 1991 and July 20, 1992.

'Ammari, Shabib. Prominent industrialist. November 11, 1991.

'Asfur, Muhammad. President of Jordan Federation of Chambers of Commerce. July 15, 1992.

'Awdah, Hanna. Former Minister of Finance (1984-1989). December 2, 1991.

Ayyubi, Zaki. Prominent businessman. June 23, 1992.

'Azir, Wasif. Former Director of the Phosphate Company. General Manager of the Business Bank. June 22, 1992.

Badran, Mudar. Former Chief of Jordanian Intelligence and former Prime Minister (1976-79, 1980-84, 1989-91). July 19, 1992.

Bataynah, Safwan. Former economic advisor to Prime Minister Zayd al-Rifa'i. October 3, 1991.

Dajani, 'Ali. Long-time official of the Amman Chamber of Industry. November 2 and 12, 1991.

Fanek, Fahd. Economist. June 22, and July 21, 1992.

Ghazawi, Ya'qub. Ministry of Trade and Supply. October 6, 1991.

Hawrani, Hani. Researcher and writer specializing on Jordanian economic and labor affairs. November 23, 1991.

Hamarneh, Munir. Economist at the Council of Arab Economic Unity, Amman. October 7, 1991.

Kan'an, Tahir. Former Minister of Occupied Territories Affairs (1985-86) and of Planning (1986-89) Director of the Industrial Development Bank. June 22, 1992.

Khalaf, Rima. Director of the Jordan Trade Centers Corporation. October 26, 1991.

Marto, Michel. Deputy-governor of the Central Bank of Jordan. October 30, 1991.

Masri, Tahir. Former Foreign Minister (1984-88) and Prime Minister (1991). July 14, 1992.

Mu'ashshir, Raja'i. Former Minister of Trade and Industry (1974-76 and 1985-88). October 14, 1991.

Nusur, Ma'an. Ministry of Planning, November 10, 1991.

Qa'war, Tawfiq. Prominent businessman. July 17, 1992.

Rifa'i, Zayd. Former Prime Minister (1973-76 and 1985-89). July 11, 1992.

Sakit, Bassam. Economic adviser to the Crown Prince in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and Director-General of the Jordan Cement Company. October 8, 1991.

Salim, Khalil. Former Governor of the Central Bank and head of the Senate Finance Committee. October 15, 1991.

Saqqaf, Muhammad. Former adviser on economic unity affairs and Director of the Social Security Corporation. October 23 and 30, 1991.

Suways, 'Awdah. Director of Research, Amman Chamber of Commerce. November 4, 1991.

Tall, Sa'd. Director-General of the Jordan Petroleum Refinery Company. July 13, 1992.

Tarawineh, Fayiz. Former Minister of Supply (1988-89) and economic adviser to the prime minister, 1980-89. October 20, 1991.

Tuqan, Safwan. Deputy Minister of Planning. November 19, 1991.

'Ubaydat, Ahmad. Former Chief of Jordanian Intelligence and former Prime Minister (1984-85). July 14, 1992.

'Umaysh, Samir. Director, Ministry of Industry and Trade. October 5, 1991.