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Lisa Anderson (editor)
1999
Bibliography
A. Democracy, Its Requisites, and Rustow’s Response
Almond, Gabriel A. and Sidney Verba. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
Barker, Ernest. Reflections on Government. London: Oxford University Press, 1942.
Bentley, Arthur Fisher. The Process of Government: A Study of Social Pressures. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1908.
Bryce, James. Modern Democracies. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1921.
Crick, Bernard. In Defense of Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Cutright, Philips. “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis.” American Sociological Review XXVIII (April 1963).
Dahl, Robert A. A Preface to Democratic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956.
Dahl, Robert A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1961.
Dahl, Robert A., ed. Political Oppositions in Western Democracies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966.
Dahl, Robert A. Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967.
Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971.
Dahrendorf, Ralf. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.
Eckstein, Harry. A Theory of Stable Democracy. Princeton: Center of International Studies, Princeton University, 1961.
Eckstein, Harry. Division and Cohesion in a Democracy: A Study of Norway. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Hartz, Louis et al. The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1964.
Jennings, W. Ivor. The Approach to Self-Government. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956.
Lijphart, Arend. The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
Lijphart, Arend. “Typologies of Democratic Systems.” Comparative Political Studies 1 (April 1968).
Lijphart, Arend. “Consociational Democracy.” World Politics 21 (January 1970).
Lipset, Seymour Martin. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy.” American Political Science Review LIII (March 1959).
Lipset, Seymour Martin. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. New York: Doubleday, 1960.
McClosky, Herbert. “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics.” American Political Science Review LVIII (June 1964).
Moore, Barrington. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966.
Neubauer, Deane. “Some Conditions of Democracy.” American Political Science Review LXI (December 1967).
Palmer, R. R. The Age of the Democratic Revolution: A Political History of Europe and America, 1760–1880. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1959–64.
Prothro, James W. and Charles M. Grigg. “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement.” Journal of Politics XXII (May 1960).
Rejai, M. Democracy: The Contemporary Theories. New York: Atherton Press, 1967.
Rustow, Dankwart A. The Politics of Compromise: A Study of Parties and Cabinet Government in Sweden. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955.
Rustow, Dankwart A. “Turkey: The Tradition of Modernity,” in Lucian W. Pye and Verba, eds. Political Culture and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965.
Rustow, Dankwart A. “The Development of Parties in Turkey,” in Joseph LaPalombara and Myron Weiner, eds. Political Parties and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Rustow, Dankwart A. A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization. Washington: Brookings Institution, 1967.
Schattschneider, E. E. The Semi-Sovereign People: A Realist View of Democracy in America. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960.
Truman, David B. The Governmental Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion. New York: Knopf, 1951.
B. 1970s–Retreat from Democracy: Bureaucratic Authoritarianism and Military Rule
Bienen, Henry. Armies and Parties in Africa. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1978.
Collier, David, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
Finer, Samuel. The Man on Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, 2nd ed. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin, 1975.
Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Janowitz, Morris. Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
Kennedy, Gavin. The Military in the Third World. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1974.
Linz, Juan J. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown, Reequilibration. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Linz, Juan J. and Alfred Stepan, eds. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Europe. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Nordlinger, Eric. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1977.
O’Donnell, Guillermo. Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism. Berkeley: Institute for International Studies, 1973.
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Reflections on the Pattern of Change in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America.” Latin American Research Review 13 (1978).
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State and the Question of Democracy,” in David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979.
Stepan, Alfred C. The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971.
Valenzuela, Arturo. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Chile. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
C. 1980s–Lessons from Latin America and Southern Europe
Baloyra, Enrique, ed. Comparing New Democracies: Transition and Consolidation in Mediterranean Europe and the Southern Cone. Boulder: Westview, 1987.
Bermeo, Nancy. The Revolution within the Revolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Bermeo, Nancy. “Rethinking Regime Change.” Comparative Politics 22 (April 1990).
Burton, Michael G. and John Higley. “Elite Settlements.” American Sociological Review 52 (June 1987).
Carr, Raymond and Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurua. Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1979.
Clark, Robert and Michael Haltzel, eds., Spain in the 1980s: The Democratic Transition and a New International Role. Cambridge: Ballinger, 1987.
Diamond, Larry, Juan Linz, and Seymour M. Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries: Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989.
Fishman, Robert. “Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition to Democracy.” World Politics 42 (April 1990).
Fishman, Robert. Working-Class Organization and the Return of Democracy in Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Huntington, Samuel. “Will More Countries Become Democratic?” Political Science Quarterly 99 (Summer 1984).
Karl, Terry Lynn. “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990).
Keck, Margaret. The Workers’ Party and Democratization in Brazil. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Linz, Juan. “Some Comparative Thoughts on the Transition to Democracy in Portugal and Spain,” in Jorge Braga de Macedo and Simon Serfaty, eds., Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder: Westview, 1981.
Levine, Daniel. “Paradigm Lost: Dependence to Democracy.” World Politics 40 (April 1988).
Malloy, James and Mitchell Seligson, eds. Authoritarians and Democrats: Regime Transition in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1987.
Maravall, José. The Transition to Democracy in Spain. London: Croom Helm, 1982.
McDonald, Ronald H. and J. Mark Ruhl. Party Politics and Elections in Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press, 1989.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
O’Donnell, Guillermo, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
Pastor, Robert. ed. Democracy in the Americas: Stopping the Pendulum. New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1989.
Preston, Paul. The Triumph of Democracy in Spain. London: Methuen, 1986.
Pridham, Geoffrey. ed., New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transition in Spain, Greece, and Portugal. Totowa: Frank Cass, 1984.
Remmer, Karen. “Redemocratization and the Impact of Authoritarian Rule in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 17 (April 1985).
Share, Donald. The Making of Spanish Democracy. New York: Praeger, 1986.
Share, Donald and Scott Mainwaring. “Transitions through Transaction: Democratization in Brazil and Spain,” in Wayne Selcher. ed., Political Liberalization in Brazil: Dynamics, Dilemmas and Future Prospects. Boulder: Westview Press, 1986.
Stepan, Alfred. Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Valenzuela, J. Samuel. “Labor Movements in Transitions to Democracy: A Framework for Analysis.” Comparative Politics 21 (July 1989).
D. 1990s–The Difficulties of Consolidation: New Political and Economic Perspectives on Democratization in Latin America and Southern Europe
Agüero, Felipe. Soldiers, Civilians, and Democracy: Post-Franco Spain in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Alvarez, Sonia E. Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women’s Movements in Transition Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.
Bartell, Ernest and Leigh A. Payne, eds. Business and Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995.
Bermeo, Nancy. “Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship.” Comparative Politics 24 (April 1992).
Bermeo, Nancy. “Sacrifice, Sequence, and Strength in Successful Dual Transitions: Lessons from Spain.” Journal of Politics 56 (August 1994).
Collier, Ruth Berins and David Collier. Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Fox, Jonathan. “The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico.” World Politics 46 (January 1994).
Frieden, Jeffery. Debt, Development and Democracy: Modern Political Economy and Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991.
Gillespie, Charles. Negotiating Democracy: Politicians and Generals in Uruguay. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Gonzalez, Luis. Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1991.
Gunther, Richard, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jürgen Puhle. eds. The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.
Gunther, Richard, P. Nikiforos Diamandouros, and Hans-Jürgen Puhle. “Debate: Democratic Consolidation–‘O’Donnell’s Illusions:’ A Rejoinder.” Journal of Democracy 7 (October 1996).
Hagopian, Frances. “Democracy by Undemocratic Means: Elites, Political Pacts, and Regime Transition in Brazil.” Comparative Political Studies 23 (July 1990).
Hagopian, Frances. “After Regime Change: Authoritarian Legacies, Political Representation, and the Democratic Future of South America.” World Politics 45 (April 1993).
Higley, John and Richard Gunther. eds. Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Huber, Evelyne, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and John D. Stephens. “The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (Summer 1993).
Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan. “Toward Consolidated Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996).
Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Lowenthal, Abraham F. ed. Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Mainwaring, Scott, Guillermo O’Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds. Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992.
Mainwaring, Scott. “Presidentialism, Multipartism, and Democracy: The Difficult Combination.” Comparative Political Studies 26 (July 1993).
Mainwaring, Scott and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.
McSherry, J. Patrice. Incomplete Transition: Military Power and Democracy in Argentina. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Munck, Gerardo L. “Democratic Stability and Its Limits: An Analysis of Chile’s 1993 Elections.” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36 (Summer 1994).
Munck, Gerardo L. Authoritarianism and Democratization: Soldiers and Workers in Argentina, 1976–1983. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Delegative Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994).
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Illusions about Consolidation.” Journal of Democracy 7 (April 1996).
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Debate: Democratic Consolidation–Illusions and Conceptual Flaws.” Journal of Democracy 7 (October 1996).
Remmer, Karen L. “Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience.” World Politics 42 (April 1990).
Remmer, Karen L. “New Wine or Old Bottlenecks? The Study of Latin American Democracy.” Comparative Politics 23 (July 1991).
Rueschmeyer, Dietrich, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
Schedler, Andreas. “What is Democratic Consolidation?” Journal of Demcracy 9 (April 1998).
Schmitter, Philippe. “Consolidation and Interest Systems,” in Larry Diamond and Gary Marks, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Democracy 35 (March-June 1992).
Schmitter, Philippe. “Dangers and Dilemmas of Democratization.” Journal of Democracy 5 (April 1994).
Skidmore, Thomas. ed. Television, Politics and the Transition to Democracy in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1993.
Tulchin, Joseph S. with Bernice Romero. The Consolidation of Democracy in Latin America. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
E. 1990s–Lessons from Regions Beyond Latin America and Southern Europe
a. Eastern Europe, Central Europe and the former Soviet Union
Balcerowicz, Leszek. “Understanding Postcommunist Transitions.” Journal of Democracy 5 (October 1994).
Bermeo, Nancy. ed. Liberalization and Democratization: Change in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Bova, Russell. “Political Dynamics of the Post-Communist Transition: A Comparative Perspective.” World Politics 44 (October 1991).
Bruce, Valerie. “Should Transitologists be Grounded?” Slavic Review 54 (Spring 1995).
Bruszt, Laszlo and David Stark, “Remaking the Political Field in Hungary: From the Politics of Confrontation to the Politics of Competition.” Journal of International Affairs 45 (Summer 1991).
Cox, Terry and Andy Furlong. eds. Hungary: The Politics of Transition. London: Frank Cass, 1995.
Dawisha, Karen and Bruce Parrott, eds. The Consolidation of Democracy in East-Central Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Derlien, Hans-Ulrich and George J. Szablowski. “Eastern European Transitions: Elite, Bureaucracies, and the European Community.” Governance 6 (July 1993).
Holmes, Stephen. “What Russia Teaches Us Now: How Weak States Threaten Freedom.” The American Prospect (July-August 1997).
Jasiewicz, Krzysztof. “From Solidarity to Fragmentation.” Journal of Democracy 3 (April 1992).
Karasimeonov, Georgi. “Parliamentary Elections of 1994 and the Development of the Bulgarian Party System.” Party Politics I (October 1995).
Karl, Terry Lynn and Philippe C. Schmitter. “From an Iron Curtain to a Paper Curtain: Grounding Transitologists or Students of Post-Communism? Slavic Review 54 (Winter 1995).
Koing, Klaus. “Bureaucratic Integration by Elite Transfer: The Case of the Former GDR.” Governance 6 (July 1993).
Laitin, David. “The National Uprisings in the Soviet Union.” World Politics 44 (October 1991).
Lijphart, Arend. “Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1989–91.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 4 (1992).
Michnik, Adam. “Gray is Beautiful: Thoughts on Democracy in Central Europe.” Dissent, New York (Spring 1997).
Nodia, Ghia. “How Different are Postcommunist Transitions?” Journal of Democracy 7 (October 1996).
Offe, Claus. “Capitalism by Democratic Design? Democratic Theory Facing the Triple Transition in East Central Europe.” Social Research 58 (Winter 1991).
Offe, Claus. Varieties of Transition: The East European and East German Experience. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.
Quigley, Kevin F. F. For Democracy’s Sake: Foundations and Democracy Assistance in Central Europe. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1997.
Remington, Thomas F. ed. Parliaments in Transition: The New Legislative Politics in the Former USSR and Eastern Europe. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.
Schmitter, Philippe and Terry Lynn Karl. “The Conceptual Travels of Transitologists and Consolidologists: How Far to the East Should they Attempt to Go?” Slavic Review 53 (Spring 1994).
Simon, Janos. “Post-Paternalist Political Culture in Hungary: Relationship between Citizens and Politics during and after the Melancholic Revolution (1989–1991).” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 26 (June 1993).
Stark, David. “The Great Transformation? Social Change in Eastern Europe–From System Identity to Organizational Diversity: Analyzing Social Change in Eastern Europe.” Contemporary Sociology 21 (1993).
Stepan, Alfred. “Democratic Opposition and Democratization Theory.” Government and Opposition 32 (Autumn 1997).
Sztompka, Piotr. “The Intangibles and Imponderables of the Transition to Democracy.” Studies in Comparative Communism 24 (September 1991).
Treisman, Daniel. “Dollars and Democratization: The Role of Power and Money in Russia’s Transitional Elections.” Comparative Politics 31 (October 1998).
von Beyme, Klaus. “Regime Transition and Recruitment in Eastern Europe.” Governance 6 (July 1993).
b. Africa
Adler, Glenn and Eddie Webster. “Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform and Transition to Democracy in South Africa.” Politics and Society 23 (March 1995).
Ake, Claude. “Rethinking African Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 2 (1991).
Ake, Claude. Democracy and Development in Africa. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1996.
Bratton, Michael and Nicolas van de Walle. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa.” World Politics 46 (July 1994).
Bratton, Michael and Nicholas van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Callaghy, Thomas M. and John Ravenhill, eds. Hemmed In: Responses to Africa’s Economic Decline. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Glickman, Harvey. ed. Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa. Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1995.
Joseph, Richard. “Africa: The Rebirth of Political Freedom.” Journal of Democracy 2 (October 1991).
Joseph, Richard. ed. The Democratic Challenge in Africa. Atlanta: The Carter Center, 1994.
Jung, Courtney and Ian Shapiro. “South Africa’s Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition, and the New Constitutional Order.” Politics and Society 23 (September 1995).
Nwajiaku, Kathryn. “The National Conferences in Benin and Togo Revisited.” Journal of Modern African Studies 32 (1994).
Nwokedi, Ernest. Politics of Democratization: Changing Authoritarian Regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hamburg: Lit Verlag, 1995.
Nzomo, Maria. “The Gender Dimension of Democratization of Kenya: Some International Linkages.” Alternatives: Social Transformation and Humane Governance 18 (Winter 1993).
Robinson, Pearl. “The National Conference Phenomenon in Francophone Africa,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 36 (July 1994).
Sisk, Timothy D. Democratization in South Africa: The Elusive Social Contract. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Young, Crawford. “Democratization in Africa: The Contradictions of a Political Imperative,” in Jennifer A. Widner, ed., Economic Change and Political Liberalization in Sub-Saharan Africa. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
c. Asia
Bertrand, Jacques. “Growth and Democracy in Southeast Asia.” Comparative Politics 30 (April 1998).
Bourchier, David and John Legge. eds. Democracy in Indonesia 1950s and 1990s. Australia: Monash University, 1994.
Chou, Yangsun and Andrew J. Nathan. “Democratizing Transition in Taiwan.” Asian Survey 27 (March 1987).
Eldridge, Philip J. Non-government Organizations and Democratic Participation in Indonesia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Kohli, Atul. Democracy and Discontent: India’s Crisis of Governability. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Lo, Shiu Hing. “Political Participation in Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 20 (1990).
McGrath, Allen. The Destruction of Democracy in Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Morley, James, ed. Driven by Growth: Political Change in the Asia-Pacific Region. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe, 1993.
Ng, Margaret. “Hongkong, Singapore, and ‘Asian Values:’ Why Asia Needs Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 8 (April 1997).
Pei, Minxin. “ ‘Creeping Democratization’ in China.” Journal of Democracy 6 (October 1995).
Uhlin, Anders. Indonesia and the ‘Third Wave of Democratization’: The Indonesian Pro-Democracy Movement in a Changing World. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Villegas, B. M. “The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era.” Asian Survey 27 (Fall 1987).
d. Middle East
Anderson, Lisa. “Peace and Democracy in the Middle East: The Constraints of Soft Budgets.” Journal of International Affairs 49:1 (Summer 1995).
Bahgat, Gawdat. “Democracy in the Middle East: the American Connection.” Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 17 (January/March 1994).
Barkey, Henri. “Can the Middle East Compete?” Journal of Democracy 6 (April 1995).
Entelis, John. ed. Islam, Democracy, and the State in North Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997.
Rutherford, Bruce K. “Can an Islamic Group Aid Democratization?” in Chapman, John W. and Ian Shapiro, eds. Democratic Community. New York: New York University Press, 1993.
Salame, Ghassan. ed. Democracy without Democrats? London: I.B. Taurus, 1994.
Sullivan, Antony T. “Democracy, Dragons and Delusions: the Middle East Today and Tomorrow.” The Middle East Journal 51 (Summer 1997).
e. Crossnational Studies and New Perspectives
Arat, Zehra. Democracy and Human Rights in Developing Countries. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1991.
Armijo, Leslie Elliott, Thomas J. Biersteker, and Abraham F. Lowenthal. “The Problems of Simultaneous Transitions.” Journal of Democracy 5 (October 1994).
Bates, Robert. “The Economics of Transitions to Democracy.” PS: Political Science & Politics XXIV (March 1991).
Diamond, Larry. “Promoting Democracy.” Foreign Policy 87 (Summer 1992).
Diamond, Larry, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds. Politics in Developing Countries: Comparing Experiences with Democracy. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995.
Di Palma, Giuseppe. To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1990.
Dix, Robert H. “History and Democracy Revisited.” Comparative Politics 27 (October 1994).
Drake, Paul W. “The International Causes of Democratization, 1947–1990,” in Paul W. Drake and Matthew McCubbins, eds., The Origins of Liberty: Political and Economic Liberalization in the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Dunn, John. ed. Democracy: The Unfinished Journey, 508 BC to AD 1993. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Ethier, Diane. ed., Democratic Transition and Consolidation in Southern Europe, Latin America and Southeast Asia. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990.
Haggard, Stephan and Steven B. Webb. eds. Voting for Reform: The Politics of Adjustment in New Democracies. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Haggard, Stephan and Robert Kaufman. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Held, David ed., Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East, West. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993.
Horowitz, Donald. “Democracy in Divided Societies.” Journal of Democracy 4 (October 1993).
Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
Jaquette, Jane S. and Sharon L. Wolchik. eds. Women and Democracy: Latin American and Central and Eastern Europe. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Karl, Terry Lynn and Philippe Schmitter. “Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe.” International Social Science Journal 128 (May 1991).
Kitschelt, Herbert. “Comparative Historical Research and Rational Choice Theory: The Case of Transitions to Democracy.” Theory and Society 22 (June 1993).
Lipset, Seymour Martin. “The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited: 1993 Presidential Address.” American Sociological Review 59 (February 1994).
Mansfield, Edward and Jack Snyder. “Democratization and War.” Foreign Affairs 74 (May/June 1995).
Munck, Gerardo L. “Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective.” Comparative Politics 26 (April 1994).
Nelson, Joan. ed. Intricate Links: Democratization and Market Reforms in Latin America and Eastern Europe. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994.
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries.” World Development 21 (1993)
O’Donnell, Guillermo. “Delegative Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 5 (January 1994).
Pereira, Luiz Carlos Bresser, José Maria Maravall, and Adam Przeworski. Economic Reforms in New Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Przeworski, Adam. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
Przeworski, Adam and Fernando Limongi. “Political Regimes and Economic Growth.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 7 (Summer 1993).
Przeworski, Adam, et al. “What Makes Democracies Endure?” Journal of Democracy 7 (January 1996).
Pye, Lucian W. “Political Science and the Crisis of Authoritarianism.” American Political Science Review 84 (March 1990).
Remmer, Karen. “New Theoretical Perspectives on Democratization.” Comparative Politics 28 (October 1995).
Rustow, Dankwart. “Democracy: A Global Revolution?” Foreign Affairs (Fall 1990).
Shain, Yossi and Juan J. Linz et al. Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transitions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Shin, Doh Chull. “On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory of Research.” Word Politics 47 (October 1994).
F. The Resurrection of Civil Society
Bratton, “Michael A. “Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa.” World Politics 51 (April 1989).
Cohen, Jean L. and Andrew Arato. Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992.
Diamond, Larry. “Rethinking Civil Society: Towards Democratic Consolidation.” Journal of Democracy 5 (July 1994).
Di Palma, Giuseppe. “Legitimation from the Top to Civil Society.” World Politics 44 (October 1991).
Fatton, Jr. R. The State and Civil Society in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992.
Foley, Michael and Bob Edwards. “The Paradox of Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 7 (July 1996).
Geremek, Bronislaw. “Problems of Post-Communism: Civil Society Then and Now.” Journal of Democracy 3 (April 1992).
Glaser, Daryl. “South Africa and the Limits of Civil Society.” Journal of Southern African Studies 23 (1997).
Harbeson, John W., Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan. Civil Society and the State in Africa. Boulder: Lynne Reiner Publishers, 1994.
Jones, David Martin. “Democratization, Civil Society, and Illiberal Middle Class Culture in Pacific Asia.” Comparative Politics 30 (January 1998).
Keane, John, ed. Civil Society and the State: New European Perspectives. London: Verso, 1988.
Lewis, Peter M. “Political Transition and the Dilemma of Civil Society in Africa.” Journal of International Affairs 46 (Summer 1992).
Miller, Robert. The Development of Civil Society in Communist Systems. Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1992.
Ndegwa, Stephen N. The Two Faces of Civil Society: NGOs and Politics in Africa. Connecticut: Kumarian Press, 1996.
Norton, Augustus Richard, ed. Civil Society in the Middle East. (2 volumes) Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
Perez-Diaz, Victor. The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993.
Putnam, Robert D. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Robinson, Pearl. “Democratization: Understanding the Relationship between Regime Change and the Culture of Politics.” African Studies Review 37 (April 1994).
Shils, Edward. “The Virtue of Civil Society.” Government and Opposition 26 (Winter 1991).
Weigle, Marcia and Jim Butterfield. “Civil Society in Reforming Communist Regimes: The Logic of Emergence.” Comparative Politics 25 (October 1992).
Wilmot, James and Daria Caliguire. “The New South Africa: Renewing Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 7 (January 1996).
Wood, Ellen Meikins. “The Uses and Abuses of ‘Civil Society,’ ” in Ralph Milband, ed. The Socialist Register, 1990. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1991.
G. Constitutional Choices and Institutional Design
Austin, Granville. The Indian Constitution: The Cornerstone of a Nation. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996.
Baaklini, Abdo I. and Helen Desfosses, eds. Designs for Democratic Stability: Studies in Viable Constitutionalism. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
Elster, Jon and Rune Slagstad, eds., Constitutionalism and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Fischer, Mary Ellen, ed. Establishing Democracies. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
Greenberg, Douglas. et al. Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Hansen, Holger B. and Michael Twaddle. eds. From Chaos to Order: The Politics of Constitution-Making in Uganda. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 1995.
Horowitz, Donald L. “Comparing Democratic Systems.” Journal of Democracy 1 (Winter 1990).
Lijphart, Arend. “Constitutional Choice for New Democracies.” Journal of Democracy 2 (1991).
Lijphart, Arend. “Democratization and Constitutional Choices in Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, 1989–91. Journal of Theoretical Politics 4 (1992).
Lijphart, Arend and Carlos H. Waisman, eds. Institutional Design in New Democracies. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.
Linz, Juan J. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1 (Winter 1990).
Linz, Juan J. and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Volume 1: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Linz, Juan J. and Arturo Valenzuela, eds. The Failure of Presidential Democracy, Volume 2: The Case of Latin America. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Marks, Stephen. “The New Cambodian Constitution: From Civil War to a Fragile Democracy.” Columbia Human Rights Law Review 26 (1994).
Soltan, Karol Edward and Stephen L. Elkin, eds. The Constitution of Good Societies. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996.
Stepan, Alfred C. and Skach, Cindy. “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism versus Presidentialism.” World Politics 46 (October 1993).
H. A Few Relevant Discussions of Democratic Theory
Benhabib, Seyla. Democracy and Difference: Contesting Boundaries of the Political. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.
Cohen, Joshua. “Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy,” in Alan Hamlin and Philip Pettit, eds., The Good Polity Normative Analysis of the State. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989.
Collier, David and Steven Levitsky, “Democracy with Adjectives: Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research,” World Politics 49 (1997).
Dahl, Robert. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989.
Elster, Jon. ed. Deliberative Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Euben, Peter. “Democracy Ancient and Modern.” PS: Political Science & Politics XXVI (September 1993).
Grey, Robert D. ed. Democratic Theory and Post-Communist Change. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall, 1997.
Gutman, Amy and Dennis Thompson. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1996.
Held, David. Models of Democracy. Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press, 1987.
Held, David. Political Theory and the Modern State: Essays on State, Power and Democracy. Cambridge, UK : Polity Press, 1989.
Lakoff, Sanford A. Democracy: History, Theory, Practice. Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1996.
Manin, Bernard. The Principles of Representative Government. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Monga, Celestin. Measuring Democracy: A Comparative Theory of Political Well-being. Boston, MA : African Studies Center, Boston University, 1996.
Sartori, Giovanni. The Theory of Democracy Revisited, Part One. New Jersey: Chatham House, 1987.
Schmitter, Philippe and Terry Lynn Karl. “What Democracy Is... and Is Not.” Journal of Democracy 2 (Summer 1991).
Sklar, Richard L. “Towards a Theory of Developmental Democracy,” in Adrian Leftwich, ed., Democracy and Development: Theory and Practice. Cambridge, Mass.: 1996.
Weiner, Myron. “Empirical Democratic Theory and the Transition from Authoritarianism to Democracy.” PS: Political Science & Politics 20 (Fall 1987).
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